tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-63330823109056790722024-03-14T02:05:20.524-07:00ChombozBUBUJIKO LA MAARIFA.chombozhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13502576164161381299noreply@blogger.comBlogger94125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6333082310905679072.post-43723317739420289682018-11-01T03:31:00.000-07:002018-11-01T03:34:48.208-07:00AINA ZA WASOMAJI MATINI (TEXT)<blockquote class="tr_bq">
Wapo wasomaji wa aina nne (4) katika usomaji wa matini. Wasomaji hao ni: <i>Kenge,</i> <i>Nyoka, Kinyonga</i> na <i>Kobe.</i></blockquote>
<ol>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="color: #cc0000;"><b>Msomaji Kenge:</b> </span>msomaji huyu ni mkurupukaji mkubwa kwani husoma matini kwa kasi kubwa bila kuzingatia alama za uandishi wala kutafakari maudhui ya matini husika. Ni rahisi sana kuingiza maneno yake mwenyewe.</blockquote>
</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><blockquote class="tr_bq">
<b><span style="color: #990000;">Msomaji Nyoka:</span></b> msomaji huyu husoma kwa madaha na mbwembwe nyingi bila kuzingatia maana na mantiki ya kila neno katika matini. Matokeo yake hupotosha kwa urahisi maudhui ya matini.</blockquote>
</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><blockquote class="tr_bq">
<b><span style="color: #990000;">Msomaji Kinyonga:</span></b> huyu ni msomaji mzuri sana, si mvivu wa kurudia kusoma tena na tena kwa lengo la kutafakari zaidi. Hata hivyo katika usomaji wake ni rahisi sana kutekwa na hisia za mwandishi. Mara nyingi hubadilisha badilisha maneno na maudhui kutokana na hisia, vionjo na mihemko wakati wa usomaji.</blockquote>
</li>
<li><div style="text-align: justify;">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<b><span style="color: #990000;">Msomaji Kobe:</span></b> huyu ni msomaji makini na hana papara, ni mwaminifu katika huzingatia alama zote za uandishi. Daima hutafakari kila akisomacho tena hushirikisha milango yake ya ufahamu.</blockquote>
</div>
</li>
</ol>
chombozhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13502576164161381299noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6333082310905679072.post-65006416128177654972018-11-01T03:24:00.003-07:002018-11-01T03:33:24.980-07:00AMRI KUMI ZA USHAIRI<div style="border-bottom: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; border: none; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent1; mso-element: para-border-div; padding: 0in 0in 4.0pt 0in;">
<div align="center" class="MsoTitle" style="margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="color: red;"><span style="font-family: "bodoni mt black" , "serif"; font-size: 20pt;">AMRI KUMI ZA USHAIRI</span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: "bodoni mt black" , "serif";"></span></div>
</div>
<ol style="text-align: justify;">
<li><blockquote class="tr_bq">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ushairi
ndiye mungu wako katika shida na katika raha, hakuna mbadala.</span></b></blockquote>
</li>
<li><blockquote class="tr_bq">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Usitunge
shairi bure; pasina haja yoyote wala tija.</span></b></blockquote>
</li>
<li><blockquote class="tr_bq">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Shika
utakatifu wa ushairi (tunga tungo zenye heshima na taadhima).</span></b><br />
<a name='more'></a><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></b></blockquote>
</li>
<li><blockquote class="tr_bq">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Heshimu
milango yako ya fahamu upate kutunga tungo zenye mvuto na zilizotukuka siku
zote za utunzi wako.</span></b></blockquote>
</li>
<li><blockquote class="tr_bq">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Usiue
(heshimu uhai, uumbaji pamoja na tunu za utu katika mashairi yako).</span></b></blockquote>
</li>
<li><blockquote class="tr_bq">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Usidhalilishe
utukufu wa Mungu (usitunge tungo zisizo na staha dhidi ya viumbe vya Mungu).</span></b></blockquote>
</li>
<li><blockquote class="tr_bq">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Usiibe
(usichukue ubunifu wa mtu mwingine).</span></b></blockquote>
</li>
<li><blockquote class="tr_bq">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Usidanganye
(usitunge mashairi yenye maudhui yanayopotosha jamii).</span></b></blockquote>
</li>
<li><blockquote class="tr_bq">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Usitamani
sifa zisizokuwa zako (tungo zako ndizo zitakazotangaza sifa zako).</span></b></blockquote>
</li>
<li><blockquote class="tr_bq">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Usitamani
shairi la mtu mwingine bali tamani kuwa malenga bora.</span></b></blockquote>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #00b050;">© Eric F. Ndumbaro</span></b></div>
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #00b050; font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Mwenge Catholic University (MWECAU)</span></b><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #00b050; font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></b>chombozhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13502576164161381299noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6333082310905679072.post-68664967736607676612018-08-12T04:54:00.002-07:002018-08-12T05:03:07.301-07:00SHAHNAM FERDOWSI<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: #38761d;"><b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: large;">Mchango wa Shahnam Ferdowsi katika Ushairi wa Kiswahili</span></span></b></span></span></h2>
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F. Ndumbaro </span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Chuo
Kikuu cha Kikatoliki Mwenge</span></div>
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<a href="mailto:erindumbaro@yahoo.com"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 300%;">erindumbaro@yahoo.com</span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 300%;"></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Ikisiri</span></b><span class="notranslate"><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"></span></b></span></div>
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<span class="notranslate"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Shahnam</span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> (Kitabu cha Wafalme) <span class="notranslate">ni
</span></span><span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">utendi</span></span><span class="notranslate"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> mrefu duniani ulioandikwa katika karne ya 5 na </span></span><span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">mshairi maarufu wa Kiajemi</span></span><span class="notranslate"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Hakim Abul-Qasim Mansur (940-1020Ad) ambaye
baadaye alijulikana kama Ferdowsi Tusi. Utendi huu umepewa hadhi ya kitaifa na
kuwa utendi wa taifa la Iran kutokana na maudhui yake. Shahnama ni utendi unaoelezea
historia ya kale tangu kuumbwa kwa ulimwengu, historia ya Dola ya Uajemi mpaka
kuingia kwa utawala wa Kiislam katika karne ya 7. Utenzi huu ni mojawapo ya
kazi zinazonasibishwa na fasihi ya upinzani. Fasihi ya upinzani ni muundo
fasihi unaojipambanua kwa kuonesha upinzani wa watu dhidi ya maadui, wanyang’anyi,
wavamizi au wageni. Hata hivyo, fasihi hii haijitanabaishi na kipindi chochote au
taifa fulani na imechipuka kutokana na historia ya mwanadamu.</span><span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%;">(</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Taheri na Kafi, 2017). Matamanio na malengo ya mwandhishi
au mshairi yaliyofichika ndani mwake hujitokeza katika hali ya mtonesho na
kudhihirisha uhusiano wake na ung’amuzi na jinsi gani unahusiana na kazi zake za
sanaa. Kwa mantiki hiyo </span><span class="st"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">ukinzani wa kitafaifa
unaojitokeza katika kazi mbalimbali za washairi ni matokeo ya mfifizo wa hapo
awali. </span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Utafiti</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> huu una lengo la kuchunguza mashairi ya Kahigi
kama yana mhamisho wowote wa mtonesho unaodhihirisha vipengele/elementi zozote
zinazoashiria uendelevu wa Shahnameh Ferdowsi kama miongoni mwa fasihi kinza
katika ushairi wa Kiswahili.</span></blockquote>
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chombozhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13502576164161381299noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6333082310905679072.post-10107155795130032182018-08-12T04:47:00.001-07:002018-08-12T04:47:10.794-07:00WASHAIRI CHIPUKIZI<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<h2 align="center" class="Default">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #990000;"><b><span>Malenga Chipukizi wa Karne ya 21 katika Utungaji
wa Mashairi Bora: Changamoto na Masuluhisho yake</span></b></span></span></h2>
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<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Neema B. Sway</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Taasisi ya Taaluma za Kiswahili, Chuo Kikuu cha Dar
es Salaam</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><a href="mailto:swaynancy02@gmail.com">swaynancy02@gmail.com</a></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">&</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Eric F. Ndumbaro </span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Chuo Kikuu cha Kikatoliki Mwenge</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><a href="mailto:erindumbaro@yahoo.com">erindumbaro@yahoo.com</a>
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<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Hali ya malenga wa Kiswahili katika miaka ya 1960
hadi 1990 ilikuwa tofauti sana katika suala la usukaji wao wa mashairi kifani
na kimaudhui ikilinganishwa na wa miaka ya 2000 hasa katika kizazi cha karne
hii ya sayansi na teknolojia. Katika miaka ya 1960, washairi wengi walitunga
tungo zenye viwango vinavyokidhi jamii zao kiasi cha kuacha mwangwi usiofifia
hata katika vipindi vilivyofuata. Mafanikio haya pengine yalifikiwa kutokana na
sheria walizojiwekea ambazo ziliwaongoza katika utungaji wao wa mashairi. Kwa
upande wao, malenga chipukizi wa karne hii, wanakabiliwa na changamoto nyingi
ambazo zinawafanya kutunga tungo chapwa na zenye wepesi wa fani na mawanda ya
kimaudhui. Je, ni changamoto gani zinazowafanya malenga chipukizi wa karne ya
21 kushindwa kupea katika kutunga tungo za Kiswahili zenye ladha, uzito, mvuto
na ubora unaostahili? Je, ni masuluhisho yapi yatakayoweza kusaidia katika
kukabiliana na changamoto hii inayowasonga malenga chipukizi wa karne ya 21? Hivyo
basi utafiti huu unalenga kuchunguza changamoto zinazowakabili malenga chipukizi
wa Kiswahili wa karne ya 21 na kupendekeza masuluhisho ili kufikia utungaji wa
mashairi bora ya Kiswahili. Utafiti huu umekusanya data zake kwa njia ya
usomaji wa maandiko mbalimbali ya kifasihi na kinadharia na majadiliano na
wapenzi wa mashairi kupitia mitandao mbalimbali ya kijamii. Makala hii inatarajia
kuchochea ubunifu wa uandishi wa mashairi kifani na kimaudhui kwa malenga
chipukizi wa Kiswahili. Aidha, utafiti huu utahamasisha tungo zenye ladha,
mvuto na ubora unaostahili kwa malenga chipukizi.</span></blockquote>
</div>
chombozhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13502576164161381299noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6333082310905679072.post-45749571803523501022017-05-19T01:10:00.002-07:002017-05-19T01:10:20.868-07:00KARIBUNI CHINI YA MWENBE<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEii7MiLM_qrw4FkjXNpi3V4piJUxqcSXBvDuyDsouZRllEFae9h13tHUrXe9TDngh11KwiPO-7lNcv8LSwcmKLoXuRZoMZlLcYttPxsmvs3IwHBe-2BoDP3c0hcLjYLXrwKSmJhzGtFVWzT/s1600/chini_mockup.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="194" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEii7MiLM_qrw4FkjXNpi3V4piJUxqcSXBvDuyDsouZRllEFae9h13tHUrXe9TDngh11KwiPO-7lNcv8LSwcmKLoXuRZoMZlLcYttPxsmvs3IwHBe-2BoDP3c0hcLjYLXrwKSmJhzGtFVWzT/s320/chini_mockup.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />chombozhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13502576164161381299noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6333082310905679072.post-69597384485753723162016-03-10T04:01:00.000-08:002016-03-10T04:05:06.914-08:00Semantiki na Taaluma nyingine<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span lang="SW" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: #990000;"><b><span style="font-size: large;">UHUSIANO WA SEMANTIKI NA TAALUMA NYINGINE</span></b></span> </span></div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="SW" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Makala
haya yatashughulikia semantiki na taaluma zingine zinazokaribiana nazo kama
semiolojia, leksikolojia, leksikografia na pragmantiki kwa kuangalia ufanano na
utofauti wake na mwisho hitimisho.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="SW" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Semantiki ni
taaluma katika isimu ambayo hushughulikia maana ya maumbo au sentensi katika
lugha. Taaluma hii ilianza enzi za Aristotle na Plato ambao walizingatia zaidi
sifa za maana, katika kipindi hicho walitaka kujua sifa na tabia za maana. Leech
(1981) anasema</span><br />
<a name='more'></a></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="SW" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">“
wakati fonolojia, mofolojia, na sintaksia ni taaluma zinazohusu matamshi,
maumbo, na miundo, semantiki inaangalia maana ya matamshi, maumbo na miundo
katika lugha. Anaendelea kusema, maana ni sehemu ya umilisi na ufahamu wa
lugha, kujifunza lugha ni kukubaliiana na maana za vipengele vyote vilivyopo
katika lugha” </span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="SW" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Massamba
(2004:75) anafasili dhana ya semantiki kuwa ni taaluma ya isimu
inayojishughulisha na uchunguzi na uchambuzi wa maana za maneno na tungo katika
lugha. Semantiki imegawanyika katika makundi manne ambayo ni leksika, mantiki,
muundo na nadharia.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="SW" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">hata
hivyo hakuna ufafanuzi wa kutosha kuhusu maana ingawa katika hali ya kawaida
tunaishia kutoa sifa za kitu na siyo maana. </span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="SW" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pamoja
na Semantiki kuangalia maana kama ilivyojadiliwa hapo juu, ni dhahiri kuwa si
taaluma pekee inayochunguza maana, kuna taaluma zingine zinazojitofautisha na
Semantiki katika kuchunguza maana, miongoni mwa taaluma hizo ni Pragmatiki,
Semiolojia, Leksikolojia na Leksikografia.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="SW" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kwa
kuanza, Pragmatiki ni taaluma inayohusika na uchunguzi wa maana zinazohusiana
na muktadha wa utumizi wa lugha, tofauti na semantiki inayochunguza maana kadri
matamshi au maandishi yanavyojidhihirisha yenyewe, katika Pragmatiki muktadha
unajumuisha msemaji, msikilizaji, mahali, wakati na mada ya mazungumzo. </span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="SW" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Yule
(1996) anafasili pragmatiki kuwa ni uchunguzi wa maana katika muktadha wa
mazungumzo au maandishi na inavyofasiliwa na msikilizaji au msomaji. </span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="SW" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Semantiki na
pragmatiki ni matawi yanayoshughulikia maana katika sentensi, semantiki
inashughulikia maana za maneno na kuangalia muundo wa vipashio katika sentensi
na pragmatiki inashughulikia maana inayohusisha muktadha.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="SW" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pragmatiki
inashughulikia maana isiyo ya msingi bali maana inayotokana na muktadha husika
kwa mfano neno mtoto katika muktadha wa kimapenzi ni msichana wakati semantiki
inashughulika na maana ya msingi ambayo inatoa fasili kulingana na kitu
kinavyoonekana kwa mfano neno mtoto litafasiliwa kama ni kiumbe kinachozaliwa
na binadamu ambacho kina umri chini ya miaka kumi na nane.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="SW" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pragmatiki
huangalia lugha kama chombo cha mawasiliano na hubadilika kutokana muktadha kwa
mfano jua limezama kama mzungumzaji yupo katika muktadha wa wafugaji basi ni
muda wa mifugo kuingia katika zizi wakati semantiki inaangalia lugha kama mfumo
dhahania wa alama zinazofafanua kilichoandikwa kwa mfano jua limezama kwa maana
ya msingi usiku umeingia. </span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="SW" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kuna
wataalamu mbalimbali wanaofasili dhana ya leksikolojia kama kipengele
kinachokaribiana na semantiki, baadhi yao ni;</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="SW" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ullmann
(1962) ambaye anafasili leksikolojia kama ni tawi la isimu linaloshughulikia
mofolojia na maana ya maneno.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="SW" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Doroszewksi
(1973) kama alivyonukuliwa na Mdee (2010) amefafanua leksikolojia kuwa ni tawi
la isimu linalochunguza etimolojia, maana na matumizi ya maneno.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="SW" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hivyo
basi leksikolojia ni tawi la isimu linalochunguza maana, mofolojia, etimolojia
na matumizi ya maneno.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="SW" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Uhusiano
wa semantiki na leksikolojia; taaluma zote zinashughulikia maana za maneno,
leksikolojia inashughulikia maana zinazopatikana kwenye kamusi na mabadiliko ya
maana za maneno kwa mfano neno mtoto maana msingi ni kiumbe anayezaliwa na
binadamu na maana nyingine ni mpenzi na semantiki huangalia maana ya msingi kwa
mfano neno mama ni mzazi wa kike.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="SW" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pamoja
na ufanano huo lakini kuna tofauti zake, semantiki haishughulikii etimolojia ya
neno, tunapozungumzia etimolojia tuaangalia asili ya neno kama ni la kiarabu
ama la kiingereza wakati leksikolojia hushughulikia etimolojia ya maneno kwa
mfano neno kitabu limetokana na neno la kiarabu</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="SW" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Semantiki
huchunguza uhusiano wa kimaana kisarufi na kimuundo yaani maana katika
matamshi, maumbo na sintaksia wakati leksikolojia huchunguza uhusiano wa maana
katika leksimu kwa mfano neno fikia, kuwa mahali fulani baada ya safari, hivyo
leksikolojia imefasili maana katika kiwango cha neno.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="SW" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Katika
kuangalia dhana ya semiolojia Massamba (2004) amefasili semiolojia kama taaluma
ya kisayansi inayojishughulisha na uchunguzi na uchanganuzi wa mifumo ya ishara
mbalimbali ikiwa inazingatia zaidi uhusiano baina ya kiwakilishi na kitajwa.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="SW" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ferdinand de
Saussure kama alivyonukuliwa na Morris (1971) amefasili semiolojia ni uhusiano
kati ya alama na kitu, jambo au hali ya kitu inavyowakilishwa, akaaendelea
alama ni kiashiria na kitu ni kiashiriwa. Hakuna uhusiano wa moja kwa moja kati
ya kiashiria na kiashiriwa.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="SW" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Charles
(1934) alishughulikia dhana ya semiotiki kwa kuunda tanzu tatu ambazo ni
sintaksia, Pragmatiki na semantiki.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="SW" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sintaksia
ni taaluma ya uhusiano kati ya ishara na vitu/ vielezo jinsi vinavyotumika,
pragmatiki ni taaluma ya uhusiano kati ya mfumo wa ishara na mtumiaji wake na
semantiki ni taaluma ya uhusiano kati ya maana na ishara. Hivyo basi semiotiki
ni taaluma inayoshughulikia maana za ishara/ taswira.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="SW" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Semiotiki
hushughulikia neno kama kiwakilishi (utajo) cha kile kitajwa pia hushughulikia
maana ya msingi. Hivyo semiotiki inaona maana inapatikana kupitia taswira.
Yaani kila taswira lazima inakuwa na maana inayowakilisha. Kwa mfano rangi
nyekundu duniani inaashiria upendo hivyo maana ya upendo iliyojitokeza
imetokana na taswira ya rangi hiyo. </span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="SW" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hivyo
katika taaluma hii maana zote za maneno zimefumbatwa katika alama. Ni dhahiri
kwamba ingawa semiolojia<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>na semantiki
hushughukia maana, semiolojia kwa kiasi kikubwa hujihusisha na alama za
kitaswira na vielezo kwa kiasi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>kidogo
wakati semantiki huchunguza maana katika mfumo wa ishara wa lugha inayozungumzwa
na binadamu.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="SW" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Semantiki
inatofautiana na semiolojia kwani semantiki inashughulikia alama za lugha yaani
kila lugha huwa na alama zinazoashiria kitu fulani wakati alama za semiolojia
hazihusu lugha yaani huwa ni maana za mawasiliano, mfano ishara za mawingu,
wanyama kama bundi ishara ya uchawi.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="SW" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Vilevile
katika kipengele hiki tunaona jinsi dhana ya leksikografia ilivyofafanulia,
uhusiano na tofauti yake na semantiki.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="SW" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mdee
(2010) anafasili leksikografia ni kazi ya kisanaa na kisayansi ya kutunga
kamusi ambayo hujumuisha uorodheshaji wa msamiati wa lugha inayotungiwa kamusi
pamoja na maelezo yenye kufafanua kila neno lililoorodheshwa kadri ya mahitaji
ya mtumiaji wa kamusi aliyelengwa.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="SW" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Semantiki
na leksikografia huchambua maana na sifa za neno na uhusiano wa kimaana wa
maneno yenye kuunda kikoa maana. Katika leksikografia maana za maneno
zinapatikana katika fasili ya leksimu. Hivyo leksikografia huangalia maana
inayopatikana kupitia fasili, pia taarifa mbalimbali zinazoingizwa katika
kamusi kama za etimolojia, maana/fasili, matamshi, taarifa za matumizi
humsaidia msomaji kupata maana ya leksimu. </span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="SW" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Matawi
haya yanatofautiana, kwa kiasi fulani, wakati taaluma ya leksikografia
ikishughulikia maana kama sehemu tu ya vigezo vyake katika kutunga kamusi,
semantiki huchunguza maana kama kiunzi kinachobeba dhana nzima ya semantiki,
bila maana hakuna semantiki.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="SW" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kwa kuhitimisha
semantiki inahusiana na taaluma hizo kwani taaluma zote zimejikita katika
kuangalia maana ya lugha, ingawa kila taaluma inaangalia maana hiyo kwa namna
tofauti tofauti. Pia taaluma zote ni taaluma za lugha, hivyo zinachangia kwa
kiasi kikubwa kuonesha jinsi gani lugha inavyojiumbia maana kutokana na hali
halisi iliyopo.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SW" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Marejeo</span></b></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="SW" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Leech, G (1981),
Semantics, Harmondsworth: Penguin books limited hazel Watson & veney Ltd.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="SW" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Massamba P. B. D
(2004) Kamusi ya Isimu na Falsafa ya Lugha. Dar es Salaam: TUKI.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="SW" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mdee, J. S
(1997), Nadharia na Historia ya Leksikografia, Dar es Salaam:TUKI.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="SW" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">HYPERLINK
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_W._Morris" \o "Charles W. Morris"
</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="SW" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Morris, Charles
W. (1971), Writings on the general theory of signs, The Hague: Mouton.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="SW" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Peirce, Charles
S (1934), Collected papers: Volume V. Pragmatism and pragmaticism. Cambridge,
MA, USA: Harvard University Press.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="SW" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ullmann, S
(1962), Semantics: An Introduction to the Science of Meaning. Oxford: OUP.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span lang="SW" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Yule, G.
(1996). Pragmatics. Oxford University Press: Hong Kong.</span></blockquote>
chombozhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13502576164161381299noreply@blogger.com9tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6333082310905679072.post-39683207070272738422016-03-10T03:50:00.000-08:002016-03-10T03:55:07.773-08:00Ugumu wa Kufasili Neno<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoTitle">
<span lang="SW" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 18.0pt;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #274e13;">“<b>NI VIGUMU
KUFASILI MAANA YA NENO KIKAMILIFU”</b></span></span> </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 18.0pt;"></span></div>
</blockquote>
</div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kazi hii itaonesha
namna kulivyo na ugumu wa kufasili neno. Pia itaeleza kiini cha ugumu huo wa kufasili
neno kikamilifu kwa kuzingatia fasili za wataalamu mbalimbali wa isimu. </span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">TUKI (2004) wanadai
kuwa neno kama kipashio cha usemaji ambacho hujengwa na mwanadamu au mkururo wa
sauti zilizopangika kisilabi na ambazo hutambuliwa na wasemaji wa lugha
inahusika kuwa kitu kimoja chenye maana mahususi. Naye Mdee (2010:5) anafasili
neno kwamba ni mfululizo wa herufi ulioafungamana pamoja na kuzungukwa na
nafasi tupu. Pia Kihore na wenzake (2001) wanafasili neno kwa kutulia maanani
maelezo ya Lyons (1984:194-208) kuwa neno linaweza kufafanuliwa katika misingi
ya kiumbo-sauti (yaani, kwa kuchunguza sauti zinazounda umbo zima), kiotografia
(yaani kwa kuchunguza herufi zinazotumika katika kuliundika umbo lake) na
kisarufi (yaani, kwa kuchunguza kilekinachowakilishwa na umbo husika katika
lugha)</span><br />
<a name='more'></a></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Spencer(1991:41) anafafanua<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>kuwa dhana ya neno ni dhana tata sana
japokuwa<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>ni dhana muhimu sana katika
nadharia za mofolojia.Wataalamu mbalimbali wamejaribu kufasili neno lakini
kila<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>nadharia waliyoitumia kufasili neno<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>haikukidhi kueleza<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>neno ni nini hasa ukitofautisha na dhana
nyingine kama leksikoni. Njia mojawapo ya kufasili neno ni kwa kuangalia sifa
zake kiisimu yaani kifonolojia, kimofolojia na kisemantiki. Ikiwa kigezo hiki
kitatumika<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>kwa lugha moja moja huweza
kuwa na mafanikio lakini tatizo kubwa ni kupata vigezo majumui vitakavyokidhi
lugha zote.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Katamba (1993:17)
anadai kuwa wazo kuwa lugha huundwa na maneno huchukuliwa kwa mazoea ya watu
wengi kwani hata mtu asiyejua kusoma na kuandika anatambua kuwa kuna maneno
katika lugha yake. Kumekuwa na mawazo tofautitofauti juu ya neno hasa ni nini.
Dhana ya neno hutumiwa katika fahiwa mbalimbali ambazo ni vigumu
kuzitofautisha.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mdee (2006:5) anadai
kuwa umbo linalojulikana katika lugha ya kawaida kama neno lina utata kwani ni
umbo lenye sura nyingi. Utata huu unatokana na mitazamo tofauti ya wanaisimu kuhusu
kipashio hiki kitahajia, kimatamshi,na kimaana.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kutokana na maelezo
ya wataalamu hawa tunaweza kubaini mambo kadhaa yanayopelekea ugumu wa kufasili
neno.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mosi ni utofauti za
lugha kuwa dhana ya neno hurejelewa tofautitofati katika lugha tofautitofauti
kwa mfano lugha tenganishi, lugha ambishi bainishi, na lugha ambishi mchanganyo
hubainisha maneno tofauti hivyo umbo moja laweza kuwa neno katika lugha moja
lakini lisiwe neno katika lugha nyingine.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ugumu mwingine
unatokana na vigezo vinavyotumika kufasili neno. Hakuna kigezo kimoja
kinachojitosheleza kufasili kwa ukamilifu dhana hii ya neno na kwamba kila kigezo
huonekana kuwa na mapungufu.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kwa upande mwingine ugumu wa kufasili
neno unatokana na sababu kuwa dhana ya neno hutumiwa katika fahiwa mbalimbali
ambazo ni vigumu kutofautisha,</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">kutokana na mifumo
tofauti ya lugha tofautitofauti hivyo nivigumu kupata fasili moja ya neno
inayoweza kujitosheleza katika lugha zote.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ingawa wanaisimu hao
wamejaribu kufasili dhana ya neno, lakini bado kumekua na mijadala kuhusu neno
hasa ni nini kwa sababu kila fasili inayotolewa haijitoshelezi. Kiini cha ugumu
wa kufasili neno kikamilifu ni kutokana na kuwepo kwa vigezo tofauti tofauti
vinavyotumika kufasili neno. vigezo hivyo ni kigezo cha kifonolojia,
kiotogirafia, kileksika na Kisemantiki na Kisintaksia. Hakuna kigezo mahususi
ambacho kinaweza kutumika kwa lugha zote na tukapata fasili ya neno.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.5pt; tab-stops: -16.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.75pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kigezo cha kiotografia neno hufasiliwa kama ni mfululizo wa
maandishi ambao unamwachano wa nafasi mwanzoni na mwishoni mwa neno lakini
katikati ya maandishi hayo hakuna nafasi yoyote.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 1.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: -16.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.75pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Naye
Mdee (2010:5) anaunga mkono fasili ya neno kuwa ni mfululizo wa herufi
zilizofungamana pamoja na kuzungukwa na nafasi tupu. “Mtoto anasoma kitabu
vizuri” kutokana na nafasi zilizopo mwishoni mwa neno katika mfano huu kuna
maneno manne, yaani “Mtoto, anasoma, kitabu, viziri” </span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 1.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: -16.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.75pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hata
hivyo utaratibu wa kuweka mwisho na mwanzo mwa neno hauwekwi kiholela bali kuna
kanuni za kiotogarafia ndizo hueleza sehemu ya kuweka nafasi na wapi nafasi
isiwekwe na hii hutofautiana kutokana na lugha moja na nyingine.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 1.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: -16.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.75pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Udhaifu
wa kigezo hiki ni kwamba kigezo hiki huweza kutumika kwenye lugha yoyote yenye
mfumo wa maandishi lakini si mifumo yote ya kimaandishi hufasili neno kwa
kigezo cha kiotografia. Kwani lugha nyingine hazina nafasi au vitenganishi,
mfano lugha ya Kilatini, Kieskimo mfano katika Kieskimo “tuntussuqatarniksaitengqiggtuq”
hivyo basi fasili hiyo haina nafasi katika lugha ya Kieskimo na lugha nyingine
zenye mfumo kama huo. Lakini pia suala la nafasi tupu hujidhihirisha katika
lugha ya maandishi na si katika lugha ya mazungumzo. Hivyo swali la kujiuliza
ni kwamba neno lipo katika maandishi tu. </span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.5pt; tab-stops: -16.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.75pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Vilevile kuna maneno ambayo yana umbo moja lakini maana ni
tofauti mfano </span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 37.5pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: -16.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kaa
-tendo la kuketi kitako</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 37.5pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: -16.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kaa-
aina ya samaki</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 37.5pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: -16.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kaa-Kipande
cha ukuni chenye moto au kilichochomwa</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 1.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: -16.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.75pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Swali
la kujiuliza ni, neno kaa limejitokeza mara tatu ni maneno tofauti au ni neno
moja?</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.5pt; tab-stops: -16.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.75pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Upungufu mwingine wa fasili hii ni kwamba kuna utata katika
maneno ambatani hasa katika kuandika maneno hayo kwani hakuna kanuni maalumu
inayotumika.Wakati mwingine maneno ambatani huweza kuandikwa kwa kuyaunganisha
maneno au kwa kuyatenga na kistri au kwa kuacha nafasi mfano</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 1.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: -16.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.75pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bata
mzinga, bata-mzinga, batamzinga uandishi ndio uko tofauti ila maana ni moja. je
maneno ambatani yaliyoandikwa kwa kutenganisha kistari au kwa kuacha nafasi
yatahesabiwa kama maneno mawili au moja.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 1.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: -16.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.75pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Fasili
hii ina mapungufu mengi kwasababu bado haielezi maana halisi ya neno. Kwa
kuzingatia viambajengo vinavyounda dhana nzima ya neno kama vile silabi.hata
hivyo fasili hii inaonyesha uwepo tu wa neno katika sentensi lakini haifasili.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 1.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: -16.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.75pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kigezo
cha kileksika, fasili ya neno kwa kigezo hiki huchukulia neno kama dhana
dhahania ya kileksika ambapo neno hurejelewa kama leksimu. Neno la kileksika ni
msamiati wote uliopo katika kamusi.kwa hiyo neno la kileksika ni la kidhahania
ambalo linaweza kuwa katika maandishi au katika mazyngumzo. Dhana hii huweza
kufafanuliwa zaidi kwa mifano Kiswahili; cheza, chezesha, alicheza, chezeka.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.5pt; tab-stops: -16.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.75pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kwa mujibu wa fasili ya kileksika neno la msingi ni
''cheza'' ambalo ndilo limezalisha mengine yote.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.5pt; tab-stops: -16.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.75pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ugumu wa kigezo hiki ni kuwa katika lugha kuna maneno ambayo
yakisimama peke yake hayana maana pia hayakuingizwa katika kamusi kama vidahizo
ingawa maneno hayo yanapoandamana na mengine yanafanyakazi kama ya kisarufi
katika lugha.kwa mfano <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">“ya”</b> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">“wa”, “cha”</b> yakiwa katika sentensi yana
maana.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.75pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: -16.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mtoto
wa Juma anasoma Chuo kikuu.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 36.75pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: -16.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Machungwa
ya John yameoza.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pia Katamba (1993:18)
anadai<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>kuwa neno huweza kurejelewa kwa
fahiwa mbalimbali yaani neno kama leksimu, neno kama umbo dhahiri, na neno kama
neno la kisarufi.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Neno kileksika hurejelewa kama
leksimu yaani ni kipashio dhahania chenye kuwakilisha maumbo anuai yanayotokana
nacho. Kwa mfano:</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mwalimu→ mwalimu walimu</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Refu → refu, ndefu, mrefu,
kirefu</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Safi→ safi, msafi , wasafi,
usafi</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pika--->
pika, mpishi, upishi</span></li>
</ul>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kigezo cha
kisintaksia hudai kuwa neno ni kipashio huru kidogo ambacho huweza kusimama
peke yake (Spencer, 1991:42). Katika fasili hii ni kwamba iliwa neno litaweza
kusimama peke yake kwa uhuru basi ni neno. Tatizo ni kuwa udogo na uhuru unaosemwa
ni upi?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Katika Kiswahili neno ‘japokuwa<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">’</i> ni neno huru? Uhuru wake ni upi?
Katika kutoa maana yake au kuandikwa bila viambishi? Neno kama hili haliwezi
kusimama peke yake likaleta taarifa fulani ingawa ni neno huru.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ugumu mwingine upo
katika kuelezea maneno ambatani yanayotokana na kuunganisha vipashio huru
viwili si maneno? Pia katika viangami ni vipashio vidogo lakini si huru
kwasababu haviwezi kusimama peke yake na kuleta maana<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>hivyo basi kutokana na fasili hii, tunapata
neno la kisarufi ambapo neno hubadilika maana na umbo kulingana na nafasi
lililosimama katika tungo hiyo.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Naye Mdee (2006:5) kama
alivyomnukuu Cruse (1986:35) anaeleza sifa kuu mbili za neno. kwanza neno ni
kipengele kidogo kabisa katika sentensi ambacho kinaweza kuhamishwa kutoka
nafasi moja hadi nyingine bila kuathiri sarufi ya lugha katika sentensi hiyo.
yaani maana ya sentensi hudhihirika maneno yanapobadili nafasi, </span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jana
mama alikuja<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>shule</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.
Mama alikuja shule jana</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Fasili hiyo
haitoshelezi kueleza neno hasa ni nini kwani katika sentensi mbili, sentensi ya
kwanza maneno yamehama na yameathiri sarufi na kuifanya sentensi hiyo kutokidhi
haja za usahihi wa kisarufi.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sifa nyingine
inayobainishwa na Cruse ni kuwa neno ndicho kipashio kisichoruhusu kupachikwa
kipashio chochote kati ya vijenzi vyake. Fasili hii ina upungufu kwani kuna
uwezekano mkubwa wa kupachika vipashio baina ya vijenzi kwa mfano:</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Aina anafundisha darasani.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Katika tungo hii ni wazi kuwa
unaweza kupachika vipashio vingine kama bi, Anima, vizuri katikati ya tungo
hizo na bado sentensi ikawa na maana kwa mfano:</span></div>
</blockquote>
<ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bi,
Amina anafundisha vizuri darasani.</span></li>
</ul>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Spenser (1991:42) anadai kuwa
kuna sifa chache za kisemantiki zinazoweza kutofautisha neno na vipashio
vingine kama mofimu na virai. Japokuwa kigezo cha kisemantiki kinaweza kusaidia
kutofautisha maana lakini hakijitoshelezi kufasili neno kikamilifu, kwa mujibu
wa kigezo cha kisemantiki neno ni kipashio kidogo cha lugha chenye maana.
Fasili hii inamaanisha kuwa neno lazima liwe na maana. Ugumu wa fasili hii
unajitokeza katika maneno<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>yenye maana
zaidi ya moja na maneno mawili au zaidi lakini yana maana moja kwa mfano<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>maneno ambatani kama:</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 71.45pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 71.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">i)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Askarkanzu</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 71.45pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 39.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ii)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mwananchi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 71.45pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 39.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">iii)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mwanahewa</span></div>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pia nahau mfano: </span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">i)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Amefaa
miwani– mlevi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ii)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ana
mkono mrefu– mwizi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">iii)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Roho
ya korosho – roho mbaya</span></div>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Swali la kujiuliza
ni kwamba kipashio kidogo hasa ni kipi na udogo huo ni upi? Na je nahau moja ni
neno moja au maneno mawili, matatu tofauti kulingana na tungo kwa kuwa inabeba
dhana moja ya neno?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>na tungo ambatani ni
neno moja au maneno mawili tofauti? Hivyo kigezo cha kisemantiki pekee
hakijitoshelezi kueleza kiukamilifu neno ni nini. Katika tungo kama zile za
kinahau huwa ni vigumu kupata maana ya tungo kwa kuangalia neno moja moja. Kwa
mfano: <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Anamkono mrefu-mwizi</i> Je, tungo
hii ni neno au ni nini? Je, waweza kupata maana kwa kuangalia neno moja moja? Kutojibika
kwa maswali hayo yote huonyesha kiini cha ugumu wa kufasili hii ya maana ya
neno.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 3.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kigezo cha kifonolojia hulifasili neno kwa kuangalia sauti
zinazounda maneno. Fasili ya Massamba, (2004:66) inadai kuwa “neno ni kipashio
cha usemaji ambacho hujengwa na mwandamano au mkururo wa sautizilizopangika
kisilabi na ambazo hutambuliwa na wasemaji wa lugha inayohusika kuwa kitu
kimoja chenye maana mahususi”. utata fasili hii ni kwanza inaangalia neno
linalotamkwa au kusemwa tu bila kujali maneno yaliyoandikwa. Pili neno kuwa na
maana mahususi ni dhana inayochanganya kama tulivyoona kuwa kuwa maneno yasiyo
na maana yake mahususi ni mpaka yahusianishwe na maneno menengi. Kwa mfano: <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">na, wa, cha</i> na kwa<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">.</i> TUKI, (1990:58). naye Spencer, (1991) anaelezea sifa ya fasili ya
kifonolojia kuwa katika baadhi ya lugha mipaka ya neno huweza kuonyeshwa kwa
mkazo, tangamano la irabu na masharti zuizi ya kifonolojia.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 3.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Fasili hizi zina ugumu wake kuwa katika baadhi ya lugha neno
huweza kuwa na mfuatano sawa wa silabi lakini likawa na maana tofauti kisarufi.
Kwa mfano: neno la Kiswahili <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">paa</i>;
neno hili huweza kuwa<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">, enda angani,
kitendo cha kuondoa samaki magamba, kuchukua baadhi ya makaa ya moto na kuweka
mekoni. </i>Swali lakujiuliza ni kuwa kipashio hiki kina mfuatano wa namna moja
tu wa sauti lakini maana tofauti; je, ni maneno matatu au moja?. Katika mtazamo
huu pia tunapata maneno ya kifonolojia ambayo hutokana na mfuatano wa silabi
zinazotamkwa kama kiunzi kimoja cha utamkaji. Swali lakujiuliza katika ambatano
kuna maneno mawili au Je, maneno haya mawili ni tofauti au moja? Hivyo basi
kifonolojia yataonekana ni maneno mawili tofauti kwa kila neno lina maana
inayojitosheleza lakini maneno ambatani kimaana ni neno moja kwa kuwa lina
dhana moja na kimofolojia ni neno moja kwa kuwa uambatani ni njia mojawapo ya
kuunda maneno na utata huzidi kuongezeka. Fasili hii huchukulia neno moja moja
tu kitu ambacho huleta utata kwa sababu kuna mfuatano wa maneno mawili au zaidi
yanayoelezea kitu kimoja.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kwa kuhitimisha
tunaona kuwa ni vigumu kufaili neno kwa kujikita katika kigezo kimoja hivyo ni
vyema endapo tutafasili neno kwa kuhusianisha vigezo vyote yaani vigezo vya
kisemantiki, kisintaksia, kifonolojia, kiotografia na kileksimu. Pia nivyema
kuzingatia lugha mahususi tunapoeleza neno kwa sababu hakuna kigezo majumuu kwa
lugha zote duniani kwani kila lugha ina mfumo wake.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">MAREJEO</span></b></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 78.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -78.0pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Katamba, F. (1993) <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Morphology</i>. Macmillan Press LTD, London.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 78.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -78.0pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kihore na wenzake (2001) <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">SAMAKISA</i>. TUKI, Dar es Salaam</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 78.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -78.0pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Massamba, D. P. (2004). <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Kamusi ya Isimu na Falsafa ya Lugha</i>. Dar
es Salaam: TUKI</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 78.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -78.0pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mdee, J. S. (2010) <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Nadharia na Historia ya Leksikografia</i>. TUKI,
Dar es Salaam.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 78.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -78.0pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Spencer, A (1991) <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Morphological Theory: An Introduction to
Word Structure</i> in Generative Grammar: Basil Blackwell. UK.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 78.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -78.0pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">TUKI (2004) <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Kamusi ya Kiswahili Sanifu.</i> Oxford University
Press, Dar es salaam.</span></div>
</blockquote>
chombozhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13502576164161381299noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6333082310905679072.post-64950947503511809552016-03-06T00:09:00.003-08:002016-03-06T00:17:11.469-08:00TENDI TATU ZA KALE<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<br />
<h2 align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #274e13;">UCHAMBUZI WA TENDI TATU ZA KALE</span> </span> </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></h2>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ikisiri</span></b></div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tangu Finnegan
(1970:108) alipodai kwamba, katika fasihi simulizi ya Afrika Kusini mwa Sahara ni
nadra sana kupata Tendi, dai hili limeibua mjadala mrefu wa kitaaluma miongoni
mwa wataalam mbalimbali wakiwamo: John William, Thomas A. Hale na Stephen Belcher
ambao ndio waliodondoa baadhi ya beti katika tendi za Kiafrika na kuziweka
pamoja katika kitabu kinachojulikana kwa jina la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Oral Epic from Africa: Vibrant Voices from a Vast Continent</i>. Mbali
na hao, mtaalam mwingine ni Mulokozi (1999) ambaye naye anathibitisha upo wa
tendi katika Afrika Mashariki kwa kukusanya pamoja tenzi tatu za kale katika
kitabu cha <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Tenzi Tatu za Kale</i>. Pia
kuna mtaalamu mwigine Belcher (1999) ambaye naye alizungumzia tendi za Kiafrika
katika kitabu chake kinachojulikana kwa jina la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Epic Tradition of Afrika</i>. Hivyo basi, ni wazi kwamba uchapishaji wa
vitabu hivi ni matokeo chanya ya tafiti zilizofanywa na wataalamu mbalimbali na
kuamua kukusanya na kuziweka pamoja kama mifano ya uwakilishi wa utamaduni wa
tendi Afrika Kusini mwa Jangwa la Sahara kwa lengo la kufungua milango ya
kutambulika zaidi.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: .3in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: 22.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.0<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Utangulizi</span></b></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Makala hii itajishughulisha zaidi na
mapitio-hakiki ya vitabu viwili ambavyo ni, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Oral
Epic from Africa: Vibrant Voices from a Vast Continent</i> na <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Tenzi Tatu za Kale.</i> Katika mapitio hayo
vipengele mbalimbali vitajadiliwa kama vile: fasili ya tendi, mpangilio wa
tendi katika vitabu hivyo, waandishi wa vitabu husika, uhakiki: usuli wa yeli/manju,
usuli wa kijamii-kihistoria, utendaji-uwasilishwaji, udhaifu/mapungufu, ubora
wa kazi, ulinganisho na tendi nyingine, hitimisho na marejeo.<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> </i></b>Kwa
kuanza na fasili ya tendi;</span><br />
<a name='more'></a></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: 22.5pt; text-indent: -67.5pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.1<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Fasili ya Tendi</span></b></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Miongoni
mwa wataalam waliofasili dhana ya utendi ni pamoja na Bowra (1930) yeye
anatumia fomula kuelezea maana ya utendi kuwa ni E = M + Ms yaani, (Epic = Mars
+ Muse/music). Hii ina maana kamba utendi ni mungu, muziki na vita (U = M + V).
Hivyo basi, maana ya maelezo ya Bowra ni kuwa utendi ni tukio la kimuziki
linalozungumzia vita kwa njia ya ushairi ulioandikwa.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mulokozi
(1996) anasema, Tendi ni nyimbo ndefu za kimasimulizi au za mawaidha, nyimbo
hizo zinahusu visa vya mashujaa.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Wamitila
(2006) anasema, Tendi ni aina ya utenzi ambao unazungumzia maisha na matendo ya
shujaa au mashujaa wa jamii fulani.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kwa
hiyo, kutokana na fasili hizi tunaweza kusema kuwa, utendi ni kama Saiklopidia
au maktaba ya jadi ya historia ya jamii fulani ambayo kupitia tendi mbalimbali
jamii inatambua historia yake katika vipindi mbalimbali, chimbuko lake,
mashujaa wao pamoja na kujua mila na desturi zao pamoja na utamaduni.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: 22.5pt; text-indent: -.5in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.0<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mpangilio
wa tendi katika vitabu</span></b></div>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Johnson
na wenzake (1997) katika kitabu chao cha <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Oral
Epic from Africa: Vibrant Voices from a Vast Continent</i> wanajaribu kukigawa
katika sehemu kuu tatu. Sehemu ya kwanza wameweka tendi mbalimbali za Afrika
Magharibi, sehemu ya pili wameweka Tendi za Afrika ya Kaskazini na sehemu ya
tatu wanamalizia kwa kuweka tendi za Afrika ya Kati. Je mpango huu ni
wakinasibu au kuna uzingativu wa jambo fulani? Je tendi za Afrika Mashariki
zinatambulika miongoni mwa tendi za Kiafrika? Kwa nini hazijitokezi katika
kitabu hiki?</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Wataalamu
hawa wanadai kuwa, tendi hazipatikani kila mahali, kuna matokeo ya muunganiko
wa jamii na mazingira ya kihistoria pamoja na utendaji wa namna mbalimbali.
Tendi zilizokusanywa katika ukanda huu zina sifa zinazoingiliana/zinazohusiana
miongoni mwazo ingawa si lazima ziwe na utamaduni pamoja na historia
inayofanana. </span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pia
hata katika <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Tenzi Tatu za Kale</i> mwandishi
naye amekigawa katika makundi makuu matatu au sehemu kuu tatu ambazo ni: sehemu
ya kwanza inahusu <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Utendi wa Fumo Liyongo</i>,
sehemu ya pili mwandishi amehakiki <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Utenzi
wa Al-Inkishafi</i> na sehemu ya tatu ni <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Utenzi
wa Mwanakupona.</i></span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.1<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Waandishi
wa vitabu husika</span></b></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Oral Epic from Africa:
Vibrant Voices from a Vast Continent</span></i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> ni kitabu
kilichoandikwa na kuhaririwa na John William Johnson (Indiana University),
Thomas A. Hale (The Pennsylvania State University) na Stephen Belcher (The
Pennsylvania State University). </span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pia
Mulokozi (Chuo Kikuu cha Dar es Salaam) ameandika na kuhariri kitabu cha <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Tenzi Tatu za Kale</i>. Wataalam hawa katika
kukusanya na kuhariri tendi mbalimbali za Kiafrika walibaini nduni bainifu za
tendi za Kiafrika na masuala majumui yanayopatikana katika tendi za Afrika na
tendi za Ulaya kama tutakavyoona hapo baadaye.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Johnson
na wenzake wanasema kuwa, koja/diwani hii yenye dondoo 25 za tendi za Kiafrika
ni ya kwanza na ya aina yake kutokea duniani na ni toleo la tatu katika mkururo
wa tendi za Kiafrika zilizozinduliwa na “Indiana University Press”. Hii ni
hatua muhimu sana iliyofikiwa katika kubadili fikra za kimagharibi kuhusu tendi
katika muktadha wa kiulimwengu.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hegel
(1963) akinukuliwa na Johnson na wenzake (kashatajwa) anadai kuwa, Waafrika
hawana <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Literature, </i>hivyo ni wazi
kamba hata historia hawana. Dai hili halina mashiko, kwani leo hii tunaona kwa kupitia
tendi uibukaji wa vyote viwili historia na Fasihi ya Kiafrika ambavyo
vilifunikwa na ujinga wa wazungu kwa muda mrefu sana. Lakini pamoja na hayo,
bado wanahoji juu ya fasili ya fasihi simulizi.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.0<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Usuli wa manju/yeli</span></b></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kwa
ujumla tendi ni tungo ndefu ambazo huimbwa na mafundi fulani wanaojulikana kama
mayeli na huwahusu mashujaa walioishi au wanaosadikiwa kuishi katika jamii
fulani. Mfano mzuri ni utendi wa <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Sundiata/Sunjata</i>
wa jamii ya Wamande nchini Mali ambao uliimbwa na mayeli wa jamii hiyo kama
vile Fa-Gigi Sisoko. Pia utendi wa <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Fa-Jigi</i>
ambao yeli wake ni Seydou Camara akisaidiana na mkewe ambaye alikuwa akipiga <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">narinya</i>-kifaa cha muziki, utendi wa <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Sonsan of Kaarta</i> ulisimuliwa kwa kuimbwa
na Mamary Kuyate’, huku wimbo ukiambatana na muziki, utendi wa <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Almami Samori Toure’</i> yeli alikuwa ni
Sory Fina Kamara.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pia
wasimulizi au mayeli wa utendi wa <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Wagadu</i>
ni Diarra Sylla ambaye aliandika mistari 257 na Jiri Silla ambaye naye
aliandika mistari 800. Kwa pamoja waliweza kupata simulizi moja linaloeleza
mambo yaliyowatokea watu wa Wagadu.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Aidha
utendaji katika tendi za Kiafrika huweza kutofautiana kutoka yeli mmoja kwenda
mwingine. Sababu za utofauti huo huweza kuwa masuala ya mila na desturi za
jamii husika, hivyo huweza kukuta yeli/manju husimulia hadithi yake ya kiutendi
kwa kuzingatia taratibu za jamii hiyo. Licha ya hayo, vilevile yeli huyohuyo
huweza kusimulia hadithi ileile ya kiutendi kwa namna tofauti tofauti kulingana
na muktadha. </span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Katika
tendi za Kiafrika mayeli walikuwa ni watu walioheshimika sana katika jamii
husika, kwani wao ndio waliojua historia na tamaduni za jamii na ndio
wanaopitisha historia ya jamii kutoka kizazi kimoja kwenda kingine. Mfano,
Johnson na wenzake wanatuambia kuwa, katika jamii ya Wamande yeli (Sara)
alikuwa mwanamke wa heshima sana na hata alipokufa mwaka 1989 ng’ombe 15
walitolewa sadaka wakati wa sherehe za maziko yake. </span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 22.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.1<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Usuli
wa kijamii-kihistoria</span></b></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kama
tulivyosema hapo awali utendi ni kama saiklopidia ya jamii fulani kwani
umesheheni masuala mbalimbali ya kijamii ikiwemo historia pamoja na mila na
desturi za jamii mbalimbali. Mfano, tendi zote za Kiafrika kama vile wa<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> Bamana Segu, Sonsan of Kaarta</i>, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Almami Samori Tuure’</i>, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Musadu</i>, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Fa-Jigi</i> na <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Son-Njara</i> kwa
kuzitaja chache, zote zinaelezea masuala ya kijamii-kihistoria kama vile:
matukio ya kivita, kidini-hija, asili ya koo mbalimbali, mila na desturi za
jamii ya Wamande kama vile: masuala ya matambiko, salamu nk. Ndio maana utendi
kama wa <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Sundiata</i> umesimuliwa katika
nchi za Ghana, Sudan, Gambia, Ivory Coast, Mali na Mauritius nk. kama njia mojawapo
ya kurithisha amali za jamii hiyo. </span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Vilevile
utendi wa Wagadu ni simulizi maarifu sana katika historia ya Soninke’kuanzia
wakiwa wamoja kabla ya kuanguka kwa ufalme na kusambaratika katika maeneo
mbalimbali ya Sahel, Senegal na Ghana.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.0<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Utendaji-uwasilishwaji
</span></b></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tendi nyingi za Kiafrika hutumia mbinu mbalimbali
katika uwasilishaji wake. Mfano huweza kusimuliwa kwa njia ya kinadhari au kwa
njia ya ushairi/nudhumu yaani kuimbwa kama vile utendi wa <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Hambodedio and Saigalare</i>, <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Fa-Jigi</i> huwasilishwa kwa kuimbwa na
manju pamoja na mkewe ambaye husaidia kupiga kifaa kiitwacho <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">narinya</i> (nanga), pia utendi wa <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Sara</i> wa jamii ya Maninka uliimbwa na
Sara pamoja na kaka yake Yamuru Jabate’. Katika utendi huu unajitokeza urudiaji
rudiaji wa korasi, mfano;</span></div>
</blockquote>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">5. Chorus: <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Ah!
Sara is sung for those of one voice.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 2.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: .5in;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Don’t you see it?</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 2.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: .5in;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Sira Mori: Sara! Sara is sung for those with
promises.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 2.0in; text-indent: .5in;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Don’t you see it?</span></i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pia
mwandishi anafafanua kuwa, tendi simulizi za Afrika mara nyingi katika
uwasilishwaji wake huambatana na uigaji wa matendo ya watu pamoja na muziki
kutoka kikundi cha waimbaji na hadhira.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Vilevile,
mwandishi anaibua hoja juu ya mjadala ulioongozwa na Lucy Duran juu ya uwepo wa
suala la ujinsia katika tendi. Japokuwa anakiri kwamba, mjadala haupo wazi sana
kutokana na vyanzo visivyorasmi kushindwa kutofautisha kati ya sifa ziimbwazo
na wote wanaume na wanawake na simulizi za kitamaduni katika utawala wa
wanaume. Duran anadai kwamba, wanawake wataimba utendi mzima kama hakuna
wanaume wa kuimba. Hata hivyo hakuna utendi wa mwanamke ulioonekana katika
machapisho. Hoja hii inahitaji ushaidi wa kitafiti zaidi.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Aidha
katika mapitio haya inajibainisha wazi kuwa, tendi simulizi za Kiafrika hazina
mpaka halisi unaotenganisha tendi, visasili, ngano, visakale, maghani, nyimbo,
n.k. Kwa mfano <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Utendi wa son-Jara</i>,
una kisakale cha Biblia; masimulizi ya uumbaji wa Mungu kwa Adamu na Eva.
Lakini katika tendi za kimagharibi tunaona mpaka uliodhahiri.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hivyo
tunaona kwamba, tendi nyingi zinazohusu mashujaa huingiza sifa nyingi za
visasili, visakale, maghani au hata ngano ndani yake. Kwa mfano, utendi wa Fumo
Liyongo, Wagadu, Lihanja, Mwindo, nk. sifa hii huonesha kwamba, tendi huchota
visa vya sanaa jadi nyingine kutoka tamaduni zenye tendi simulizi. Kwa mfano,
Fumo Liyongo, Mwindo, Rukiza, Sundiata, n.k. ni miongoni mwa mashujaa wenye
sifa sawa na mashujaa wengine wa kiutendi ulimwenguni kama vile, Gilgameshi na
wengineo.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tenzi Tatu za Kale</span></i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
ni kitabu cha fasihi chenye baadhi ya tungo mashuhuri za zamani, zilizokusanywa
na kuhifadhiwa pamoja. Tungo hizo ni pamoja: <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Utendi wa Fumo Liyongo</i>, uliotungwa na Muhamadi Abubakar Kijumwa
mwaka 1913, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Utenzi wa Al-Inkishafi</i>
uliotungwa na Sayyid Abdallah bin Ali bin Nasiri na <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Utenzi wa Mwanakupona</i> uliotungwa na Mwanakupona Binti Mshamu kwa
ajili ya binti yake aliyeitwa Mwana Hashima binti Mataka. </span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mwandishi
wa kitabu hiki amebainisha vipengele mbalimbali vya utendi vinavyojitokeza
katika Utendi wa Fumo Liyongo. Anaeleza kwamba, Fumo Liyongo ni utendi unaohusu
matukio muhimu ya kihistoria na kijamii, hueleza kuhusu ushujaa wa shujaa.
Anamwona Fumo Liyongo kama shujaa anayependwa na watu. Sifa hii pia tunaiona
hata katika tendi nyingine za Kiafrika. Kwa mfano: <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Utendi wa Sundiata</i> unaakisi historia na utamaduni wa jamii,
huelezea matukio ya kishujaa na mashujaa. Pia hata <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Utendi wa Lihanja</i> nao anawakilisha chimbuko la taifa la Wamongo.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Aidha,
mwandishi anadondoa baadhi ya sifa za tendi za Kiafrika kwa kuhusianisha na
shujaa Liyongo. Anamwelezea shujaa huyu kuwa, ni mtu mwenye nguvu za kimwili.
Mfano kitendo cha kubeba mizigo ya kujaza chumba kiliwashangaza Wagalla,
kupuliza panda na kusua nk. Pia ni rijali. Mfano, Wagalla walimwomba sultani
awaruhusu wapate mbegu yake. Licha ya nguvu za kimwili pia alikuwa na nguvu za
kisirihi. Mfano, udhaifu wake ulikwa kitovuni, hivyo haikuwa rahisi kudhurika
kwa namna yoyote ile isipokuwa kwa kuchumwa sindano kitovuni.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Vilevile alikuwa na mshikamano na jamii yake
ndio maana hata aliweza kusaidiwa na mama yake pamoja na kijakazi Saada pindi
alipokuwa kifungoni. Hatimaye alifaulu kutoroka.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sifa
hizi alizonazo Liyongo pia zinajitokeza hata katika tendi nyingi za Kiafrika,
kwa mfano Mwindo anasaidiwa na shangazi yake, mjomba pamoja na watu wengine
kwenda kulipiza kisasi kwa baba yake. Pia mbali na sifa hizi, mashujaa wengi wa
Kiafrika huzaliwa kwa njia isiyo ya kawaida. Kwa mfno, katika <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Utendi wa Jeki la Njambe’ Inono</i> shujaa
Njambe’ Inono kabla ya kuzaliwa anaongea tumboni akielekeza mahali
atakapozaliwa. Baada ya kuzaliwa anarudi tena tumboni, halafu baadaye anataka
kuzaliwa kwenye chupa. Mfano,</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: .2in; margin-right: .2in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">…So
they began to go back with waves. It was then that a voice spoke from Ngrijo
Epee Tungum’s womb: “Ina! Sit down in the water and give birth to me!”</span></i></div>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mulokozi
(2002) katika utafiti wake kuhusu tendi za jamii ya Wayaha hasa Utendi wa
Rukiza anaungana mkono na mawazo ya Johnson japokuwa anaongeza kuwa, shujaa wa
Kiafrika sharti awe ni msaada kwa watu wake na hivyo: (USHUJAA:
Ushakiri+Sihiri+Watu) Hivyo basi, tunaweza kusema kuwa, Utendi wa Fumo Liyongo
una sifa fawafu kama ilivyo katika tendi nyingine za Kiafrika. Kwanza ni
masimulizi ya kinadhari yenye uunganifu, pili nudhumu, yaani ni utungo wa
kishairi, tatu ni simulizi linalohusu matukio muhimu ya kijamii-historia na
mwisho huelezea kuhusu ushujaa.</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></i></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Fauka
ya hayo, mwandishi wa <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Tenzi Tatu za Kale</i>
amejadili pia <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Utenzi wa Al-Inkishafi</i>
kuwa ni miongoni mwa tenzi mashuhuri sana katika lugha ya Kiswahili na
ulichipuka kutokana na jadi ndefu ya tenzi za Kiswahili mjini Pate. Utenzi huu
ulitungwa na Sayyid bin Ali bin Nasiri mwaka 1800-1820 unahusu matukio
mbalimbali yaliyotokea katika jamii ya Waswahili wa Pwani ya Afrika Mashariki,
kwa mfano, mgogoro hasa wa kuanguka kwa mji wa Waswahili kulikosababishwa na
uvamizi wa Wareno. </span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kihalisia
ni kweli mambo hayo yametokea. Kwa hiyo utenzi huu una dhima ya kihistoria
katika jamii ya watu wa Pwani ya Afrika Mashariki. Pia unawakilisha utamaduni
wa jamii ya Waswahili wa Pwani ya Afrika Mashariki kutokana na lugha
iliyotumika ambayo ni Kiswahili kilichochanganyika na Kiarabu kwa kiasi fulani,
utamaduni wa watu hao, miji iliyotajwa ambayo ni Pate, Kilwa, Lamu na<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Mombasa.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Vilevile
katika <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Tenzi Tatu za Kale</i> kuna <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Utenzi wa</i> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Mwanakupona</i> ni utenzi wa kimawaidha uliotungwa na Mwanakupona Binti
Mshamu kwa ajili ya binti yake aliyeitwa Mwanahashimu binti Mataka mwaka 1858.
Utenzi huu unaonekana kuwakilisha vyema tungo za utamaduni na maonyo ya wakati
huo. Lakini pia aligusia kwa vijana wengine wa kike wapate kuusoma utenzi huu
ili nao wapate maonyo hayo (Ubeti wa 94 na 95). Utenzi huu unaonekana
kuibadilisha jamii ya uswahilini baada ya kuona kuwa unafaa hasa kwa malezi ya
kijadi kwa watoto wa kike kwa kuwafunda. Yawezekana Jambo hili ndilo
linaloufanya utenzi huu uonekane kuwa msaada wa jamii hata leo hii. </span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kihistoria,
tunaelezwa kuwa huu ni utenzi wa kale uliokuwa unaendana na mazingira ya wakati
huo. Mwandishi aliuandika kwa kuilenga jamii ya wakati ule hasa kwa kufuata
mila na desturi za jadi za wakati huo kama vile: heshima ya ndoa, wanawake
kuwekwa utawani, kutoonesha sura zao mbele ya watu, kumtukuza mume kama Mungu
wao wa pili. Pia unaonekana kuwa ulikuwa ni utenzi wa tabaka tawala.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 22.3pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.3pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.0<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Udhaifu
katika kitabu cha <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Tenzi Tatu za Kale</i>
na <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Oral Epic from Africa: Vibrant Voices
from a Vast Continent</i></span></b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">.</span></i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pamoja
na kwamba, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Utenzi wa Mwanakupona</i> una
baadhi ya sifa za utendi kama vile: unudhumu, uunganifu, unahusu masula ya
kijamii mfano, mafundisho katika jamii, mianzo na miisho ya kifomula, nk. bado
hatuwezi kuuingiza kwenye kumbo la tendi kwani unakosa baadhi ya sifa za msingi
za kitendi kama vile: masuala ya kishujaa na mashujaa, matendo ya kivita nk. Vivyo
hivyo hata katika Utenzi wa Al-Inkishafi pia unakosa sifa hizo za msingi.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kimsingi
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Utenzi wa Inkishafi</i> na <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Mwanakupona</i> hazizungumzii suala la
ushajaa wala shujaa zaidi ya kumwona mwandishi akitamalaki kwa kiasi kikubwa
kama kwamba yeye ndiye shujaa. Swali la kujiuliza Mwandishi anawezaje kuwa
shujaa? Kama ni shujaa ruwaza yake ni ipi? Anafuata kanuni za shujaa wa namna
gani? Wa Kijadi/Kiafrika au Kimagharibi, au Kiarabu? Hoja hii haihusiani na
kitabu cha <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Tenzi Tatu za Kale</i> lakini
inafaa kujiuliza maana wengine huweza kufikiri kwamba, mwandishi ni shujaa
kutokana na tajiriba aliyonayo, mfano mtunzi wa <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Utendi wa Mwanakupona</i>. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pia
katika <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Tenzi Tatu za Kale,</i> mwandishi
amechanganya pamoja Tendi na Tenzi na kuziita zote kwa pamoja TENZI TATU ZA
KALE, yaani Utendi wa Fumo Liyongo na Utenzi wa Al-Inkishafi pamoja na Utenzi
wa Mwanakupona. Je, kigezo gani kimetumika? Kama mwandishi alilenga
kuzishughulikia kazi zote tatu ndani ya kitabu kimoja, basi angepaswa kukwepa
neno hilo ili kuepuka kuchanganya dhana mbili zinazotofautiana, badala yake angeziita
TUNGO TATU ZA KALE. Nadhani msamiati huu ungekuwa fawafu kabisa kwa kazi zote
tatu.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mkanganyiko
mwingine tunaouona ni kwamba, mwandishi hakuweka bayana kuwa <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Utenzi wa Inkishafi</i> ni utendi au ni
utenzi, maana baadhi ya sehemu ndani ya kitabu ameita Utenzi na sehemu nyingine
ameita Utendi. Mfano, ukurasa wa 73 anasema; “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Utenzi wa Inkishafi</i> unapata nguvu yake kutokana na lugha tukufu na
taswira anazotumia mtunzi…” ilhali katika ukurasa wa 77, mwandishi anasema; “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Inkishafi</i> ni Utendi wa Kiafrika…” Hivyo
tunaona kwamba, hapa mwandishi anawaweka wasomaji katika hali ya sintofahamu kipi
ni kipi!</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pia
suala jingine la kujiuliza kuhusu <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Tenzi
Tatu za Kale</i> ni kwamba, je huo ukale anaousema mwandishi unaanzia wapi na
unaishia wapi? Je tunawezaje kubaini mipaka ya ukale na usasa? Kwani ukale
unaanza lini na unaisha lini?</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Aidha,
mwandishi hajaonesha bayana mkabala au nadharia iliyomwongoza katika ubatizaji
wa tungo hizi na kuziita TENZI TATU ZA KALE? Je ameangalia lugha iliyotumika au
mambo yalisheheni katika tungo hizo?</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Suala
la udhaifu pia linajitokeza hata katika <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Oral
Epic from Africa: Vibrant Voices from a Vast Continent.</i> Inaonekana kuwa, mwandishi
hakufanya utafiti wowote katika Afrika Mashariki ndio maana hakuna chochote
kilichoelezwa kuhusu tendi za Afrika Mashariki. Hii inawapa picha wasomaji
kwamba, Afrika Mashariki hakuna tendi ilhali tunajua kuwa, Afrika Mashariki
kuna tendi na wapo watafiti wabobevu waliofanya tafiti za tendi sehemu
mbalimbali za Afrika Mashariki kama vile: Mulokozi, Mbele, Kagame, nk. </span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kosa
kama hili tunaliona pia hata kwa Belcher (1999) katika <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Epic Traditions of Africa.</i> Belcher amechunguza baadhi ya tendi za
Afrika hasa tendi za Afrika Magharibi na Afrika ya Kati na kugundua kuwa
zinamfanano katika baadhi ya vipengele. Hii inadhihirisha kwamba, katika ukanda
wa Afrika Mashariki wataalamu wa tafiti katika uwanja huu ni wachache sana,
hivyo kuna haja ya wataalamu chipukizi kumakinikia katika uwanja huu. </span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.0<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ubora
wa kazi hizi</span></b></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mbali
na mapungufu ya hapa na pale, pia tutakuwa wachoyo wa fadhila kama hatutaona
ubora uliosheheni katika kazi hizi. Kwa mfano, Johnson na wenzake katika kitabu
chao cha <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Oral Epic from Africa: Vibrant
Voices from a Vast Continent </i>wamefanya kazi nzuri sana katika
kuzitambulisha tendi mbalimbali za Kiafrika kwa ulimwengu mzima ili hata wale
waliopotoshwa na Finnegan waweze kubadili mtizamo wao.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pia
wamesaidia kuonesha ufanano mkubwa uliopo katika tendi za Kiafrika hasa katika
baadhi ya mambo kama vile manju au mayeli, japokuwa kuna utofauti za kimsamiati
lakini dhima yake ni ileile. Kwa mfano wanajulikana kwa majina kama: <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">gewel, gawlo, jali, jeli, mabo, gesere,
jesere,</i> nk. </span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Vilevile
mwandishi wa <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Tenzi Tatu za Kale</i>
amefaulu sana katika kutoa maana mbadala za maneno au msamiati mgumu uliotumika
ili kuwarahisishia wasomaji kuelewa kwa urahisi ujumbe unaokusudiwa katika
tungo zote tatu.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Licha ya hayo, utangulizi na maelezo ya
mwandishi wa <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Tenzi Tatu za Kale</i>
yamenisaidia sana kama mwanafasihi chipukizi hasa kujua maudhui ya tungo hizi
tatu na pia kujua namna bora ya kujenga hoja zenye mantiki na maelezo yenye
mtiririko fawafu. </span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.0<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hitimisho</span></b></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kwa
ujumla tunaweza kuhitimisha makala haya kwa kusema kuwa, wataalamu hawa
wamejitahidi kwa kiasi kikubwa kutuonesha namna tendi simulizi za Kiafrika
zinavyoakisi historia ya jamii husika katika utamaduni, mila na desturi,
mahusiano na mshikamano wa kijamii. Vilevile wote kwa pamoja wametuonesha kuwa,
utendi pamoja na hadithi mbalimbali za mashujaa huwa na ruwaza inayofanana
ambayo hutuwezesha kupata muundo wa msingi wa tendi ambao ni wa kimajumui. </span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mulokozi
(kashatajwa) ameainisha sifa za shujaa wa tendi za nanga kama ifuatavyo: Anatoka
tabaka la juu au la kawaida, shujaa huwa ni jasiri, anatumia sihiria, anakuwa
rijali, hutegemea nguvu za wahenga au mizimu na anahitaji msaada wa umma.
Ukiangalia tendi nyingi katika <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Oral Epic
from Africa: Vibrant Voices from a Vast Continent</i> ruwaza za mashujaa wa
Kiafrika kwa kiasi kikubwa zinalandana na ruwaza za mashujaa Gilgamesh na Enkidu
katika utendi wa <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Gilgamesh.</i> Mwandishi</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Sandars (1960), haoneshi kuzaliwa
kwa Gilgamesh na Enkidu. Utendi huu unawaonesha mashujaa hawa wakiwa tayari
watu wazima kama vile kwa Fumo Liyongo. Gilgamesh ameanza kuelezewa tayari
akiwa kiongozi wa mji wa Uruk wakati Enkidu ameanza kuelezewa tayari akiwa
anaishi porini na wanyama. Maelezo haya yanajidhihirisha katika kigae/kibao cha
I & II na katika kitabu uk. 61.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 9.0pt; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kigae/kibao cha I na kitabu (uk. 61)</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I WILL proclaim to the world the deeds of
Gilgamesh. This was a man to whom all<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>things were known; this
was the king who knew the contries of the world. He was wise, he was misteries
and knew secret things, he broughy us a tale of the days before the flood</span></i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></div>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 9.0pt; margin-top: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Kibao/kigae cha II<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> Then
he, Enkidu, offspring of the mountains,<br />
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>who
eats grasses with the gazelles,<br />
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>came to drink at the watering hole with the
animals,<br />
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>with the wild beasts he slaked his thirst
with water.</i></span></div>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8.0<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">MAREJEO</span></b></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SW" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Belcher, S. (1999), <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Epic
Traditions of Africa</i>, Bloomington, Indiana University Press.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Finnegan, R. (1970), <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Oral Literature in Africa</i>. Oxford. Clarendon Press.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Johnson,
J. W. na wenzake, (1997), (Ed.), <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Oral
Epics from Africa: Vibrant Voices from a Vast<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span>Continent,</i> </span><span lang="SW" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Bloomington, Indianapolis University Press.</span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SW" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Mulokozi, M. M. (1996), <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Fasihi ya Kiswahili, </i>Dar es Salaam: Chuo Kikuu Huria cha Tanzania.</span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SW" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><u><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span></u><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(1999), (Mha.), <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Tenzi Tatu za Kale</i>, Dar es Salaam:
Taasisi ya Uchunguzi wa<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"></span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Kiswahili. </span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<u><span lang="SW" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></u><span lang="SW" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(2002), <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The
African Epic Controversy:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>historical,
Philosophical and</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3.0pt;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="SW" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Aesthetic Perspectives on Epic
Poetry and Performance</span></i><span lang="SW" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">. Dar es salaam, <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Mkuki na Nyota Publishers.</span></div>
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<blockquote class="tr_bq">
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<span lang="SW" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Wamitila (2006) <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Kamusi ya Ushairi</i>,
Nairobi: Vide-Muwa Publishers Ltd.</span><span lang="SW" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
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<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 9.0pt; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Sandars
N. K (1960), <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Epic of Gilgamesh</i>.
Cox & Wyman Ltd: Great Britain.</span></div>
</blockquote>
chombozhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13502576164161381299noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6333082310905679072.post-74953366043222520502015-12-29T01:24:00.002-08:002015-12-29T02:25:45.037-08:00Tasnifu<!--[if !mso]>
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<span style="color: #0c343d;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 200%;">UFUNDISHAJI WA NADHARIA ZA UHAKIKI WA FASIHI YA
KISWAHILI KATIKA TANZANIA</span></b></span></span></div>
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</blockquote>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">FURAHA J. MASATU</span></b></div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">SHAHADA YA UZAMILI KATIKA FASIHI YA KISWAHILI</span></b></div>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">CHUO KIKUU CHA DODOMA</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">JUNI 2011</span></b></div>
</div>
<div class="WordSection2">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;">UFUNDISHAJI WA NADHARIA ZA UHAKIKI WA FASIHI YA
KISWAHILI KATIKA TANZANIA</span></div>
</blockquote>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Furaha J. Masatu</span><br />
<a name='more'></a></div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Tasnifu
Imekusanywa kwa Ajili ya Kutimiza Sehemu ya Matakwa ya Shahada ya Uzamili
katika Fasihi ya Kiswahili ya Chuo Kikuu cha Dodoma.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Chuo Kikuu cha Dodoma</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Juni 2011</span></div>
</div>
<div class="WordSection3">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc306223115"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">ITHIBATI</span></b></a></div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc306223115;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Aliyesaini hapa chini
anathibitisha kwamba ameisoma na anapendekeza tasnifu hii inayoitwa <b><i>Ufundishaji
wa Nadharia za Uhakiki wa Fasihi ya Kiswahili katika Tanzania</i></b> ikubaliwe
kwa minajili ya kutunukiwa Shahada ya Uzamili katika Fasihi ya Kiswahili ya
Chuo Kikuu cha Dodoma.</span></span></div>
</blockquote>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc306223115;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">………………………..</span></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc306223115;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Dkt.
Elias Manandi Songoyi</span></span></div>
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<span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc306223115;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">(MSIMAMIZI)</span></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc306223115;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Tarehe:
……………………..</span></span> </div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;">
<span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc306223115;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">IKIRARI</span></b></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;">
<span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc306223115;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">NA</span></b></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;">
<span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc306223115;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">HAKIMILIKI</span></b></span></div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc306223115;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Mimi <b>Furaha J. Masatu</b>,
ninathibitisha kwamba tasnifu hii ni kazi yangu asilia, na kwamba haijawahi
kuwasilishwa na wala haitawasilishwa katika Chuo Kikuu kingine chochote kwa
ajili ya kutunukiwa shahada yoyote.</span></span></div>
</blockquote>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;">
<span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc306223115;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Saini ………………</span></span></div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc306223115;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Hairuhusiwi kuzalisha, kunakili,
wala kusambaza sehemu yoyote ya Tasnifu hii kwa namna yoyote ile bila kibali
cha maandishi kutoka kwa mwandishi au Chuo Kikuu cha Dodoma.</span></span></div>
</blockquote>
<h1 align="center" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc306223115;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">SHUKRANI</span></span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></h1>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Kathleen
Daniel (1997) alipata kusema, “if there’s a key, there must be a door, and I
intend to find it … (kama pana ufunguo/dhamira, ni lazima pana mlango, hivyo
nimedhamiria kuutafuta …).”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Hoja hii
imekuwa ni dira muhimu katika kila jambo jema ninalolikusudia maishani mwangu.
Hakika MUNGU ni mkuu; nimeuona mkono wake ukitenda kazi maishani mwangu.
Amenikinga na kuniongoza katika kila hatua niipitayo kila kuitwapo leo.
Ninamshuru kipekee sana. Ninaamini, kama asingelikuwa Yeye, hakika
nisingelifika hapa nilipo leo – kimwili, kitaaluma, na kiroho maana kwa msaada
Wake, makuu yametendeka.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Ninamshukuru
mlezi, mwalimu na msimamizi wangu Dkt. Elias Manandi Songoyi kwa juhudi zake
zisizo kikomo katika kupitia na kutathmini kila jambo lililohusu tasnifu hii
hadi ikaonekana kustahili kutunukiwa alama ya <i>ndiyo, imepita</i>. Ameifanya
kazi hii kwa moyo wa utayari, umakini, subira, na weledi wa hali ya juu pasipo
kukata tamaa wala kuchoka. Endapo andiko hili litaonekana kuwa na mapungufu,
basi mapungufu hayo hayatokani na yeye, bali mimi mwenyewe. Aidha, ninawashukuru
Profesa Joshua S. Madumulla, na Dkt. Rose Upor kwa kukubali kuwa msaada wangu
mkubwa katika hatua za awali za uandishi wa pendekezo la utafiti wa andiko hili
kabla sijapangiwa rasmi msimamizi.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Ninawashukuru
Taasisi ya Elimu Tanzania, Uongozi, Walimu na Wanafunzi wa Kiswahili - Kidato
cha Sita katika shule mlimofanyika utafiti huu. Shule hizi ni: Elly’s, Ikizu,
na Mwembeni (shule iliyotumika kutathmini vifaa na mbinu za utafiti). Kujitolea
kwao kidhati kuwa wajibu hojaji/ jaribio la utafiti katika kipindi chote cha
utafiti, ndiko kulikozaa tasnifu hii.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Ninamshukuru
mama yangu mzazi, Bibi. Anna J. Kidata kwa upendo wake wa dhati kwetu wanawe.
Hakika, pasipo yeye, shahada hii ya uzamili nisingetunukiwa katika mwaka huu wa
2011 kwani ndiye aliyebeba gharama zote za hali na mali za masomo yangu pasipo
kuchoka wala kuteteleka. Ni mwalimu, mnasihi, mjasiliamali, na mjane wa kuigwa
katika uwekezaji kwenye eneo la maisha na elimu vya watoto.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Ninawashukuru
pia kaka yangu Tumaini, dada zangu Sara, Asante, na Neema kwa kunipenda na
kuchangia kwa namna moja ama nyingine katika masomo yangu. Aidha, ninawashukuru
Mwalimu Sosthenes Luhende, Mwalimu Patrick Renatus, Felix Mallya, Paul Mwamwige,
Alvin B. Lema, Paschal L. Berege, mjomba wangu Alphayo J. Kidata, dada Monalisa
Jackson, na Shemeji yangu, Jane Kimaro kwa mchango wao hususani wa kiutu,
kiufundi, na kisaikolojia vilivyonisaidia kuyamudu maisha katika kipindi chote
cha masomo na utafiti.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Ninawashukuru
Wakufunzi, na Wanafunzi wenzangu wa Shahada ya Uzamili katika Fasihi ya
Kiswahili 2009/ 11, marafiki, ndugu, na jamaa kwa namna mbalimbali
tulivyoshirikiana na kusaidiana bila kuchoka katika kipindi chote cha masomo.
Ni dhahiri, kuenenda pamoja na wenye hekima, kunampa mtu hekima.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Ninahitimisha
kwa kusema, mimi sina cha kuwalipa ila Mungu wangu ndiye mpaji; atawalipa na
kuwafariji hata ukamilifu wa dahari, Amin.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<h1 align="center" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">TABARUKU</span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></h1>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<h2 style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 12pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc259512559"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc258829064"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc258828905"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc258773025"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc306223117"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc297099306"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc297064041"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc297051421"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc297045681"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc297045303"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc297045200"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc297044863"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc297044719"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc297044628"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc297044065"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc297043973"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc297043909"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc297043830"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc297043683"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc297043595"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc297043312"></a><span style="color: #274e13;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc297043312;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc297043595;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc297043683;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc297043830;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc297043909;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc297043973;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc297044065;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc297044628;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc297044719;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc297044863;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc297045200;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc297045303;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc297045681;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc297051421;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc297064041;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc297099306;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc306223117;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc258773025;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc258828905;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc258829064;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc259512559;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 200%;">Ninaitabaruku tasnifu hii kwa mama yangu
mzazi, Bibi Anna Kidata kwa kukubali, na kuniamini kiasi cha kuthubutu kuwekeza</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc297042863;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc297043312;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc297043595;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc297043683;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc297043830;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc297043909;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc297043973;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc297044065;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc297044628;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc297044719;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc297044863;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc297045200;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc297045303;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc297045681;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc297051421;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc297064041;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc297099306;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc306223117;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc258773025;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc258828905;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc258829064;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc259512559;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></b><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc297042863;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc297043312;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc297043595;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc297043683;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc297043830;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc297043909;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc297043973;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc297044065;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc297044628;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc297044719;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc297044863;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc297045200;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc297045303;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc297045681;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc297051421;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc297064041;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc297099306;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc306223117;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc258773025;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc258828905;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc258829064;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc259512559;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 200%;">katika elimu yangu ya Shahada ya Uzamili.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></h2>
</blockquote>
</div>
<h2 style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 12pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: #274e13;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc258773025;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc258828905;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc258829064;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc259512559;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc306223118"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc297099307"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc297064042"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc297051422"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc297045682"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc297045304"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc297045201"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc297044864"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc297044720"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc297044629"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc297044066"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc297043974"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc297043910"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc297043831"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc297043684"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc297043596"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc297043313"></a><span style="color: #274e13;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc297042864"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc297043313;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc297043596;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc297043684;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc297043831;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc297043910;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc297043974;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc297044066;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc297044629;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc297044720;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc297044864;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc297045201;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc297045304;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc297045682;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc297051422;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc297064042;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc297099307;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc306223118;"><i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 200%;">Mama, sijaona
kama wewe maishani mwangu</span></i></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a></span></span></span></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc258773025;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc258828905;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc258829064;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc259512559;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc297042864;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc297043313;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc297043596;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc297043684;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc297043831;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc297043910;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc297043974;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc297044066;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc297044629;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc297044720;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc297044864;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc297045201;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc297045304;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc297045682;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc297051422;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc297064042;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc297099307;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc306223118;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 200%;">!</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></h2>
<h1 align="center" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">IKISIRI</span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></h1>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Andiko
hili linahusu ufundishaji wa nadharia za uhakiki wa fasihi ya Kiswahili katika
shule za sekondari nchini Tanzania. Lengo likiwa ni kubaini, kuchunguza, na
kuelezea uhusiano uliopo kati ya ufundishaji wa nadharia za uhakiki wa fasihi
ya Kiswahili na uwezo wa mwanafunzi kujitegemea kivitendo ndani na nje ya
darasa pasipo kugeuza tahakiki “misahafu.”</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-language: #00FF;">Katika mtalaa huu, mtafiti alipitia maandiko
mbalimbali ya kitaaluma, zikiwemo tafiti linganishwa tatu. Muundo wa utafiti
ulikuwa ni wa muktadha halisi ukitumia njia za jaribio, hojaji, na uchunguzi
kukusanya data kwa miezi mitatu mfululizo katika shule za sekondari Elly’s
(shule dhibitiwa), na Ikizu (shule isiyodhibitiwa).</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Jumla
ya wajibu hojaji/ jaribio la utafiti 25 (wanafunzi 20, walimu wanne, na
mtaalamu mmoja toka Taasisi ya Elimu Tanzania) walihusika. Uteuzi wa shule na
wajibu hojaji/ jaribio la utafiti ulizingatia mwongozo wa D. Ary, na wenzake
(2006). Nadharia zilizotumika katika jaribio la utafiti ni U - Marx, na Umbuji
wa Kirusi. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-language: #00FF;">Njia kuu ya uchambuzi wa
data ilikuwa ni uchambuzi fafanuzi wakati nadharia ya utafiti ilikuwa ni
mafunzo linganishi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-language: #00FF;">Matokeo ya utafiti yanaonyesha kutokufundishwa ila
kwa kugusiwa tu kwa nadharia za uhakiki, ilhali uhakiki ukifanyika pasipo
kubainisha nadharia za uhakiki zinazoongoza uchambuzi husika. Pamoja na mada ya
nadharia za uhakiki wa fasihi kutokufundishwa, </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">wajibu hojaji/
jaribio la utafiti wengi kupitia hojaji wanaeleza kuwepo kwa uhusiano kati ya
nadharia za uhakiki wa fasihi ya Kiswahili na uwezo wa mwanafunzi kujitegemea
kivitendo katika majukumu kadha wa kadha anayopewa ndani na nje ya darasa.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Matokeo
haya yanakinzana na yale ya jaribio ambayo yanaonyesha kutokuwapo kwa tofauti
ya kimtazamo na kiutendaji kati ya mwanafunzi aliyesoma na ambaye hakusoma
nadharia za uhakiki wa fasihi ya Kiswahili. Kwa msingi huu, inaelekea kwa sasa
hakuna sababu za kuingiza nadharia za uhakiki katika muhtasari wa Kiswahili,
sekondari. Jambo lililopingwa na walimu wajibu hojaji, na wakapendekeza
kufanyika utafiti wa muda mrefu wa kimajaribio utakaoanzia kidato cha tatu.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<h1 align="center" style="text-align: center;">
</h1>
<h1 align="center" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">ORODHA YA MAJEDWALI</span></h1>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: right;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Ukurasa</span></b></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc306223122"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc297099311"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc306223122;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 200%;">Jedwali 1: Mchanganuo wa Wajibu Hojaji/ Ufahamu ………………..………………........ </span></span></a><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 200%;">41</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Jedwali
2: Bajeti <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>………………………………………………………..……………...
143</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Jedwali
3: Ratiba ya Utafiti ……………………………………………...…………........ 144</span></div>
</blockquote>
<h1 align="center" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">ORODHA YA MICHORO</span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></h1>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: right;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-language: #00FF;">Ukurasa</span></b></div>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-language: #00FF;">Mchoro 1: Muhtasari wa Mahusiano ya Nadharia na
Nyuga ………………...……….. 96</span></div>
</blockquote>
</div>
<h1 align="center" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">SURA
YA KWANZA</span></h1>
<h1 align="center" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">UTANGULIZI</span></h1>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<h1 style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc306223126"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">1.0 Utangulizi</span></a></h1>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Sura hii ya kwanza, ni sura inayojipambanua kwa kutoa
uga wa tatizo, tatizo la utafiti, malengo ya utafiti, maswali ya utafiti, umuhimu
wa utafiti, nadharia ya utafiti, mipaka ya utafiti, na hitimisho. Sura hii ni
msingi wa mjadala mzima unaohusu </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">ufundishaji wa nadharia
za uhakiki wa fasihi ya kiswahili katika shule za sekondari nchini<b>. </b>Sura
hii ni dira ya kuongoza na kujenga mtiririko jumla wa mijadala mbalimbali
inayojitokeza katika sura zinazofuata, yaani sura ya mapitio ya maandiko, sura
ya mbinu na vifaa vya utafiti, sura ya uwasilishaji uchambuzi na mjadala kuhusu
data, na sura ya mapendekezo na hitimisho la mijadala ya utafiti. </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"></span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<h1 style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">1. 1 Uga wa Tatizo</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"></span></h1>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Kwa
muda mrefu sasa, baadhi ya wadau wa fasihi ya Kiswahili wamekuwa wakionyesha
wasiwasi juu ya namna mada ya nadharia za uhakiki wa fasihi inavyofundishwa.
Dai lao kubwa ni kwamba, baadhi ya wanafunzi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>na walimu wao hawaoni umuhimu wa kumwandaa mwanafunzi katika kufahamu
kwa undani nadharia za uhakiki wa fasihi ili imjengee mwanafunzi uwezo wa
kuzihakiki kazi za fasihi kwa uhuru na weledi pasipo kuiba au kutegemea tahakiki
zilizokwishafanyika. Yaani, mwanafunzi asiwe mtu wa kukariri na “kucheua”
tahakiki zinazohusu kazi fulani ya kifasihi, pasipo hata kuiona, kuigusa,
kuimiliki, kuisoma na kuitathmini kazi husika. Athari ya awali ya kukwepa
kusoma kazi husika za kifashi na kuzihakiki kifasaha ni kwamba, endapo kuna
makosa katika tahakiki “iliyofanywa msahafu,” basi wanafunzi na walimu
wataendeleza makosa hayo katika maelezo yao.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Mfano
mzuri umo katika baadhi ya tahakiki aghalabu za Kiingereza. Mathalani, tahakiki
ya M. Kadeghe (mwaka haujulikani) inamtaja Gikonyo wa <i>A Grain of Wheat </i>(1967)
ya Ngugi wa Thiong’o, kuwa alijiua jambo ambalo si la kweli. Tahakiki nyingine
ni ya G. R. Bukagile, na wenzake (2008) ambayo imekosea majina ya baadhi ya
wahusika waliomo katika <i>A Man of the People</i> (1966). Dosari hizi hata
kama ni kwa bahati mbaya, bado kwa mwanafunzi ambaye hakuvisoma vitabu husika
atazidi kunukuu majina na maelezo hayo huku akiamini kuwa ni sahihi, jambo
ambalo ni hatari kimtazamo na kiutendaji. Kwa kutokujua namna ya kuhakiki,
mfano ushairi wa Kiswahili, kwa mujibu wa F. E. M. K.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"> Senkoro (1988: vii) baadhi ya </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">wanafunzi
na walimu wanauona uhakiki wa ushairi kuwa ni kazi ngumu na hivyo kuogopa
kuhakiki kazi na, au kujibu maswali yake.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Inasadikika
kuwa mwanafunzi mzuri ni yule anayebobea katika nadharia ya jambo fulani. Kwani
nadharia ya uhakiki ndiyo mama wa kozi nzima ya fasihi ya Kiswahili ambapo
kupitia kwazo mwanafunzi ataweza kuhakiki, kuhusianisha, kutathmini, kulinganisha
na kulinganua uhalisi na ubora wa tahakiki zilizokwisha kuandikwa juu ya kazi
za kifasihi, na mazingira ya uhakiki husika.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Katika
kuunga mkono wazo hili, S. D. Kiango katika </span><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Misingi ya Uhakiki wa Fasihi</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">
(1993: viii) anasema, “kuna wahakiki wanaoshikilia mawazo ya kuiangalia kazi ya
kisanaa kwa kuzingatia umbo la kazi hiyo bila ya kuihusisha na jambo jingine
lolote.” Hii ina maana kuwa ni vema na muhimu sana kuzifahamu nadharia zingine
na kuzitumia katika uhakiki. Hivyo, mwanafunzi binafsi, ataweza kuhakiki kazi
mbalimbali za kifasihi atakazokutana nazo iwe darasani, au kwenye mtihani,
ama nje ya maeneo haya mawili. Katu hatakimbia kazi au swali linalomtaka
kufanya uhakiki hata kama hana tahakiki yoyote karibu yake. </span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Kwa
kumjenga mwanafunzi katika msingi madhubuti wa kuielewa mihimili ya uhakiki,
pamoja na mambo mengine, kama vile kuwepo kwa mazingira bora ya kujifunzia, kuwepo
kwa vitendea kazi vya kutosha na vyenye ubora unaotakiwa, uwezo binafsi wa
mwalimu na mwanafunzi katika kulimudu somo, kuwepo kwa njia bora za ufundishaji,
na kadhalika, kutamsaidia mwanafunzi kujitegemea, kujiamini, kuwa mbunifu, na
kulimudu vema somo la fasihi ya Kiswahili. Hivyo kumfanya awe mweledi wa fasihi
ya Kiswahili.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"> <span lang="EN-GB">Haya
yanaungwa mkono na Wizara ya Elimu na Mafunzo ya Ufundi (2009: iv) wanaposema,
“matokeo ya kujifunza ni bora zaidi pale ambapo mwanafunzi hamtegemei mwalimu
tu, kwani ujifunzaji endelevu huhitaji stadi za kusoma kwa kujitegemea.”</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Zaidi
ya hapo, mwanafunzi atajijengea desturi ya kupenda kujisomea na kujielimisha
katika nyuga mbalimbali nje na ndani ya fasihi ya Kiswahili. Atawajibika vema,
tena kwa kujiamini, pindi anapotekeleza majukumu yake kama mwanafunzi, mwalimu,
kiongozi, mtawala, mtafiti, mshauri wa kitaalamu, na mwezeshaji.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Katika
kudhihirisha uzito wa hoja hii, Ben Carson, mtaalamu wa <i>neurosurgery</i>,<b>
</b>katika kitabu chake kiitwacho <i>Think Big</i> (1992), pamoja na shuhuda
zake nyingi juu ya maisha na uweza wa Mungu, mwandishi huyu hasiti kukiri kuwa
utamaduni wa kujituma katika kusoma vitabu mbalimbali kunampa mtu uwezo wa
kukabiliana na changamoto mbalimbali. Mathalani, Ben Carson (uk. 18, 21 – 22,
161, 23) anasema:</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 48.2pt; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Reading
is the way out of ignorance, and the road to achievement… I did not have to be
the class dummy anymore … my mother, not an educated woman … had forced me to
read two books a week … I agreed to do what Mother told me… I seemingly had
jumped overnight from the bottom to the top of the class … the jokes about me
stopped.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 48.25pt; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kujifunza
ni njia ya kujinasua kutoka ujinga, na ni barabara ya mafanikio… sikuhitaji kuwa
mjinga tena darasani… mama yangu hakuwa msomi (lakini) alinisisitiza kusoma
japo vitabu viwili kwa wiki… Niliamua kukubaliana na kile alichoniambia mama…
Ninajisikia kama niliyeruka usiku mmoja kutoka kuwa wa mwisho darasani (katika mitihani)
hadi kuwa kinara… dharau juu yangu ikaisha (Tafsiri ya mwandishi).</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Katika
kuthibitisha haya, Ben Carson (uk. 20) ananukuu kauli ya Clarence Day kuwa:</span></div>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 48.25pt; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">The
world of books is the most remarkable creation of man; nothing else that he
builds ever lasts. Monuments fall; nations perish; civilizations grow old and
die out. After an era of darkness, new races build others; but in the world of
books are volumes that live on still as young and fresh as the day they were
written, still telling men’s hearts of the hearts of men centuries dead.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 48.25pt; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ulimwengu
wa vitabu ndiyo uumbaji bora zaidi wa binadamu; hakuna alichokijenga kikadumu
(isipokuwa kusoma). Sanamu au majengo ya kifahari hubomoka; mataifa huangamia;
ustaarabu hukua, huzeeka na kufa. Baada ya kipindi cha ombwe/giza, jamii mpya
hujenga nyingine; lakini katika ulimwengu wa vitabu mna majuzuu yanayoishi kana
kwamba ni machanga na mapya <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>kama ndiyo
kwanza yanaadikwa, bado mioyo yetu inazungumza na<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>mioyo ya watu waliofariki karne kadhaa
(Tafsiri ya mwandishi)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mawazo
haya yanaungwa mkono na William Ellery Channing, kama alivyonukuliwa na Ben
Carson (uk. 13). Channing anasema:</span></div>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 48.25pt; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">….
In the best books, great men talk to us, give us their most precious thoughts,
and pour their souls into ours. God be thanked for books… Books are true
levelers… to all who will faithfully use … of the best and greatest of our
race.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 48.2pt; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">....
Katika maandiko bora, watu maarufu huongea nasi, hutupatia fikira bora zaidi,
na kutumiminia roho zao. Mungu ashukuriwe kwa kutupatia vitabu (ufahamu/maarifa?)….
Vitabu ni msawazishi wa kweli… kwa wote watakaoyatumia kikamilifu… ni msingi wa
mambo bora zaidi na yaliyo makubwa kwa jamii yetu (Tafsiri ya mwandishi).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Kwa
mujibu wa Ben Carson, mtu ataweza kufanikiwa maishani endapo tu atatambua
kuheshimu na kutumikia kipawa/kipaji chake; atakuwa mwaminifu na mwadilifu
kivitendo; atakuwa mmaizi; atakuwa mtu mwema; mwenye kutumia maarifa kiufasaha;
mwenye kujikita katika kusoma vitabu mbalimbali; mwenye ubobevu wa maarifa;
huku akimtanguliza Mungu katika kila jambo na kila hatua aipigayo (uk. 149
251). Mkabala huu unaungwa mkono na R. Dubos (1968: vii, xi xii, 127, 135,
238, 242) pia, H. Gardner (1982: 261). Haya yote yatawezekana iwapo msomaji
ataongozwa na nadharia ya uhakiki wa kile asomacho.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Kinyume na haya, bila shaka itakuwa ni
kumuandaa mwanafunzi kukariri, na hata kuiba tahakiki, majibu, na mitihani
anayopaswa kuijibu katika mitalaa mbalimbali. Madhara haya kwa siku za usoni
yatasababisha kuwa na watendaji katika ngazi mbalimbali ambao ni wezi, tegemezi,
wasio wabunifu, wavivu wa kufikiri, wasiowajibika wala kuwa na uchungu kwa
taifa lao, na kadhalika. Nao watazaa vizazi vitakavyorithi mfumo wa kiutamaduni
uliojengwa na wazee wao. Na mwishoni mwa nyakati, ni kuwa na jamii yenye
migogoro, vita, umasikini wa kupindukia, matabaka ya kutisha, ujinga usio
kifani, maradhi yasiyo kikomo, uchumi ulio dorora, na bila shaka washirikina wa
kutupwa.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Katika
uga wa ufundishaji wa fasihi ya Kiswahili, hususani kipengele cha uhakiki,
yaelekea </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Wizara ya Elimu
na Mafunzo ya Ufundi, na Taasisi ya Ukuzaji Mitaala hawajaona umuhimu wa
kumwandaa mwanafunzi katika kukabiliana na dhana nzima ya uhakiki wa kazi za
fasihi. Hili linajidhihirisha vema kupitia mihtasari mbalimbali ya Kiswahili.
Kuanzia muhtasari wa kwanza wa mwaka 1975 hadi huu wa sasa, wa 2009, dhana ya
uhakiki inatazamwa katika tafsiri ya mwanafunzi kufahamu vipengele vya fani na
maudhui na siyo nadharia mbalimbali zinazotawala na kuongoza uhakiki kwa
kutumia vipengele vya fani na maudhui. Lakini wakati huo huo, mwanafunzi
anatakiwa kuhakiki kazi za kifasihi kwa weledi. </span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Mwanafunzi huyu bila shaka,
hajui kwa nini na kwa namna gani ahakiki fani, na, au maudhui. Hata hajui
mitazamo ya wananadharia wa uhakiki wa kazi za kifasihi. Swali la msingi ni,
Je, atatumiaje mtazamo wa kisanaa (wenye kujumuisha Umbuji wa Kirusi,<i> </i>Umuundo<i>,
</i>Uhakiki Mpya,<i> </i>Umuundoleo) au wa kihadhira (wenye kujumuisha U
Marx, U Feministi, Saikolojia Changanuzi, na Usasa) ama yote miwili (Mbunda
Msokile, 1993: viii x) kuhakiki kazi ya kifasihi? Huku ndiko kutegemea
tahakiki kwa asilimia miamoja.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Na katika kuiona hatari ya
kutegemea tahakiki, P. M. Musau katika </span><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Uhakiki wa Tamthiliya:
Historia na Maendeleo Yake</span></i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">
(1999: xii) anawatahadharisha watu kwa kusema, “tahakiki nyingi zilizopo...
hazina upeo mpana.” Jambo linaloungwa mkono na A. I. Haji, na wenzake, (1981: 5
6), na R. M. Wafula (1999: 8). Hii inamaanisha kuwa daima maishani, tahadhari
na kinga ni bora zaidi kuliko tiba.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Kwa mujibu wa baadhi ya
walimu, hata hivyo, wanakiri kufundisha nadharia ya uhakiki ingawa si sehemu
rasmi ya muhtasari. Kwa maelezo yao, kipengele hiki huwa kigumu mwanzoni,
lakini kikieleweka vema, somo na mijadala ya uhakiki wa kazi za kifasihi huwa
mizuri, yenye changamoto na mantiki, kama anavyofafanua mmoja wa walimu
waliomshirikisha mtafiti wazo hili:</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: .9in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">... hakika mwalimu hutafanya tena kazi ya kuhakiki kwa
ajili ya mwanafunzi wako.... watajigawa katika makundi, watabishana weee,
mwishoni watafikia mwafaka... ukisikiliza vizuri uwasilishaji na mijadala yao,
utagundua ujenzi wa hoja unaofungamana na nadharia kadha wa kadha.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Hoja hii bila shaka
inakubaliana na lengo la kuanzishwa kwa shahada ya uzamili wa sanaa katika
fasihi ya Kiswahili, Chuo Kikuu cha Dodoma (uk. 5) unaoeleza kuwa, kozi (mada)
ya nadharia ya uhakiki humsaidia mwanafunzi kupata stadi ya kuelewa kwa undani
nadharia anuai za fasihi za zama hizi ambapo kupitia kwazo, mtu ataweza
kutambua vema mikabala ya kifasihi katika miktadha mbalimbali. Hivyo, ni muhimu
kufundishwa; tena kiufasaha.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Kwa jumla, mambo yaliyojitokeza
katika mjadala huu wa usuli ndiyo yaliyomsukuma mtafiti kuona ulazima wa
kutathmini nafasi ya nadharia ya uhakiki katika kusoma na kuhakiki kazi za
fasihi ya Kiswahili katika ngazi ya shule za sekondari nchini Tanzania.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<h1 style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">1. 2 Tatizo la Utafiti</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"></span></h1>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Pamoja na serikali, kupitia
Wizara ya Elimu na Mafunzo ya Ufundi kwa kushirikiana na Taasisi ya Elimu
Tanzania, kufanya jitihada kadha wa kadha katika kuboresha muhtasari na mbinu
za ufundishaji wa somo la Kiswahili, fasihi ikiwemo, yaelekea bado kuna tatizo la
vipaumbele. Yaani, kipi kipewe kipaumbele katika ufundishaji, na kipaumbele
hicho kiweje.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Kwa mfano, kwa mujibu wa
Muhtasari wa Kiswahili, toleo (jipya) lililotoka mwaka 2009, halionyeshi kama
mitazamo mbalimbali inapaswa kufundishwa ama la. Mitazamo inayopaswa kujadiliwa
ni ile ya fasili ya fasihi (uk. 16) na nadharia ya ushairi umapokeo na usasa
(uk. 37). Lakini katika suala la uhakiki wa kazi za fasihi, kinachoonyeshwa ni
(i) “kufafanua / kujadili vipengele vya fani na maudhui katika vitabu teule vya
ushairi, riwaya na tamthiliya” na (ii) “kutathmini ubora na udhaifu wa
vipengele vya fani na maudhui katika vitabu teule vya ushairi, riwaya na
tamthiliya” (uk. 35, 39, 41). Zaidi ya hayo, mwanafunzi anatakiwa kufafanua
kazi za kifasihi katika mifumo mbalimbali kama vile: ujima, utumwa, ukabaila,
ujamaa na ubepari (uk. 19 20).</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Maswali ya kujiuliza hapa
ni, mwanafunzi atawezaje kufafanua / kujadili ubora na udhaifu wa vipengele vya
fani na maudhui; pia mifumo ya kijamii katika kazi za kifasihi pasipo kuwa na
ujuzi wowote, tena wa kutosha kufanya hivyo? Endapo mwanafunzi huyu hasomi
nadharia za uhakiki wa kazi za fasihi, ni kwa vipi anahakiki kazi hizo? Je,
anatumia nadharia gani kuongoza mijadala na uhakiki wake? Je, anawezaje kufaulu
mitihani yake inayohusu uhakiki? Kama sivyo, bila shaka hapa ndipo umuhimu wa
mwanafunzi kufahamu mitazamo mbalimbali ya uhakiki wa kazi za fasihi
unapojipambanua vema.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Kutokana na haya, mtafiti
alilazimika kuchunguza </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">namna mada ya uhakiki wa fasihi ya
Kiswahili inavyofundishwa mashuleni. Aidha, mtafiti alilenga kubaini sababu
zinazofanya nadharia za uhakiki wa fasihi kutokuwamo katika Muhtasari wa
Kiswahili shule za sekondari. Pia, mtafiti alilenga kutathmini na kueleza
uhusiano wa mada ya nadharia za uhakiki katika kumjengea mwanafunzi uwezo
binafsi wa kubuni, kuhakiki, kujiamini, na kupenda kujisomea na kujifunza
taaluma za nyuga mbalimbali, fasihi ya Kiswahili ikiwemo.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<h1 style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">1.
3 Malengo ya Utafiti</span></h1>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<h1 style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">1. 3. 1 Malengo ya Jumla</span></h1>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Utafiti
huu ulikusudiwa kutathmini umuhimu wa kufundisha nadharia za uhakiki wa fasihi
ya Kiswahili katika shule za sekondari ili kumwezesha mwanafunzi kuyakabili
majukumu anayopewa ndani na nje ya darasa kiweledi.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<h1 style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">1. 3. 2 Malengo Mahususi</span></h1>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l40 level1 lfo33; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<ol>
<li><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Kubainisha sababu zinazofanya nadharia
za uhakiki kutokuwemo katika Muhtasari wa Kiswahili shule za sekondari.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Kuchunguza namna nadharia za uhakiki wa
fasihi ya Kiswahili zinavyofundishwa katika shule za sekondari.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Kueleza uhusiano uliopo kati ya nadharia
za uhakiki wa fasihi ya Kiswahili na uwezo wa mwanafunzi kujitegemea kivitendo
katika majukumu kadha wa kadha anayopewa ndani na nje ya darasa.</span></li>
</ol>
</div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<h1 style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">1. 4 Maswali ya Utafiti</span></h1>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Maswali
yafuatao yalikuwa dira ya utafiti na mijadala mbalimbali ya utafiti huu.
Maswali hayo ni:</span></div>
</blockquote>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo34; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<ol>
<li><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Ni sababu zipi zilizofanya nadharia za
uhakiki kutokuwemo katika Muhtasari wa Kiswahili shule za sekondari?</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Ni kwa namna gani nadharia za uhakiki wa
fasihi ya Kiswahili zinafundishwa katika shule za sekondari hata kumwezesha
mwanafunzi kuzikabili changamoto mbalimbali zikiwemo za kitaaluma, kwa
kujitegemea awapo ndani na nje ya darasa?</span></li>
<li><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Ni
uhusiano gani uliopo kati ya kujifunza na</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">dharia za uhakiki wa
fasihi ya Kiswahili na uwezo wa mwanafunzi kuzikabili changamoto mbalimbali
zikiwemo za kitaaluma, kwa kujitegemea awapo ndani na nje ya darasa?</span></li>
</ol>
</div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<h1 style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">1. 5 Umuhimu wa Utafiti</span></h1>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Matokeo ya utafiti huu ni dira na changamoto kwa wadau
mbalimbali wa elimu na fasihi ya Kiswahili, wakiwemo Wizara ya Elimu na Mafunzo
ya Ufundi, Taasisi ya Elimu Tanzania, watafiti mbalimbali katika uga wa fasihi,
walimu na wanafunzi wa Kiswahili kwa kutambua namna, umuhimu na sababu za
kufundisha au kutokufundisha nadharia za uhakiki wa fasihi ya Kiswahili katika
shule za sekondari na taasisi za elimu ya juu. Utambuzi huu utakuwa kichocheo
cha ama kusababisha mada ya nadharia za uhakiki wa fasihi ya Kiswahili
kuingizwa katika Muhtasari wa Kiswahili – sekondari, na kufundishwa kiufasha,
au la.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<h1 style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">1. 6 Nadharia ya Utafiti</span></h1>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Nadharia
iliyoongoza uchambuzi wa data ni ile ya mafunzo linganishi (M. Msokile; 1993:
15) inayozingatia ubunifu, na kufafanuli</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">wa vema na P. M. Musau katika </span><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Uhakiki
wa Tamthiliya: Historia na Maendeleo Yake</span></i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"> (1999: xii) kwa kusema:</span></div>
</blockquote>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 48.2pt; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">... ulinganishaji ni kiungo muhimu cha uhakiki,
mhakiki anayefahamu kazi yake vizuri anapaswa kuwa mweledi wa maandishi mengi
ya kifasihi kutoka katika tamaduni mbalimbali. Kadhalika, mhakiki anapaswa kuwa
na ufahamu wa nadharia kadha wa kadha za uchambuzi wa kifasihi.”</span></div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Mtazamo
huu unalenga kusawiri nafasi ya mhakiki, akiwemo mwanafunzi katika kufanya
uchambuzi na ujenzi wa hoja pasipo kutegemea tahakiki au wazo fulani kuongoza
uchambuzi wake. Kwa mtazamo wa watalaamu hawa bila shaka, mafunzo linganishi
yanampa mawanda mapana zaidi mwanafunzi kutawala idili na uhalisi wa yale
anayoyachambua. Kama hivi ndivyo, utafiti huu haukuwa budi kulithibitisha hili
kwa kulichunguza kupitia jaribio kati ya wanafunzi waliofundishwa na ambao
hawakufundishwa nadharia za uhakiki ili kubaini udhati wake.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<h1 style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">1. 7 Mipaka ya Utafiti</span></h1>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Utafiti
huu haukufanya kazi ya kuchambua kazi za kifasihi, bali kutathmini tahakiki
mbalimbali kwa kuzihusianisha na matini chanzi husika. Lengo lilikuwa kudhibiti
madhumuni ya utafiti, na matokeo yake.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<h1 style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">1. 8 Hitimisho</span></h1>
</blockquote>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Kwa jumla, sura ya kwanza imeaksi zaidi
suala la mada ya nadharia za uhakiki wa fasihi ya Kiswahili kutokuwemo katika
Muhtasari wa Kiswahili, sekondari. Hali inayosababisha baadhi ya wadau wa elimu
kuhisi kuwa jambo hili ni miongoni mwa mambo yanayoathiri uwezo wa mwanafunzi
kujitegemea kimtazamo na kiutendaji ndani na nje ya darasa. ni mataraji kuwa
sura zinazofuata zitatoa majibu ya kina kuhusiana na sababu za kwa nini mada ya
nadharia za uhakiki siyo sehemu rasmi ya muhtasari wa Kiswahili, sekondari,
namna mada ya nadharia za uhakiki inafundishwa, na uhusiano uliopo kati ya
kujifunza nadharia za uhakiki na uwezo wa mwanafunzi kujitegemea kimtazamo na
kiutendaji ndani na nje ya darasa.</span> </div>
</blockquote>
</div>
<h1 align="center" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">SURA YA PILI</span></h1>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<h1 align="center" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">MAPITIO YA MAANDIKO KUHUSU MADA HII</span></h1>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<h1 style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">2.1 Utangulizi</span></h1>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Katika
sura hii mtafiti alipitia na kuhusianisha mawazo na hoja mbalimbali kama
zinavyojitokeza katika maandiko anuai. Mapitio haya yalikuwa na lengo la
kuboresha mantiki yaliyomo na yatakayopatikana katika sura ya kwanza, sura ya
tatu, sura ya nne, na sura ya tano. Mapitio ya maandiko mbalimbali
yamefungamanishwa na mada ndogo zifuatazo: nadharia za uhakiki wa fasihi ya
Kiswahili, ufundishaji wa fasihi na nadharia za uhakiki katika shule za
sekondari nchini Tanzania (ikibeba pia tafiti linganishwa tatu),<b> </b>pengo
la msingi katika mapitio ya maandiko, na mwishoni ni hitimisho la mijadala
mbalimbali kama ilivyojitokeza katika sura nzima.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<h1 style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">2. 2 Nadharia za Uhakiki</span></h1>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Kwa
mujibu wa A. Mushengyezi (2003: 01) nadharia ya uhakiki ni “taaluma iliyoundwa na
kuthibitishwa ambayo inajaribu kuelezea elementi maalumu zenye kubainisha
taaluma ya kifasihi kama taaluma ya kujitegemea sawa na taaluma zingine.”
Tafsiri hii inaelekea kukubalika na wataalamu wengine kama vile A. Harrison
(1990), M. Msokile (1993, 1995), na E. M. Songoyi (2008: 04). </span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Na
ndivyo inavyoelekea pia kwa wataalamu mbalimbali kukubaliana kuwa nadharia za
kifasihi au mikabala ya kifasihi ndiyo msingi wa nadharia za uhakiki, ambazo ni
taaluma tu ya kujifunza nadharia za kifasihi na mikabala yake. Kwa mujibu wa
Kamusi ya Encarta (2009) nadharia za uhakiki ni taaluma, njia au sanaa ya
kuchanganua / kuchambua, kufasiri, na kuhukumu maudhui, ubora, na mbinu zilizomo
katika matini ya kifasihi.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Kwa
mujibu wa M. Msokile (1993), Rivkin & M. Ryan (1998), K. W. Wamitila
(2000), Rice & P. Waugh (2001), A. Mushengyezi (2003), T. Eagleton (1998;
2008), na wataalamu wengine wanaelekea kukubaliana kuwa mwanzoni mwa karne ya
20 ndicho kipindi kilichokuwa na msukumo mkubwa wa kubainishwa, na kuanzishwa
mijadala iliyosababisha kuanzishwa kwa kozi za nadharia za uhakiki na mikabala
ya kifasihi katika mafunzo ya fasihi huko Ulaya. Baadhi ya nadharia hizo ni
pamoja na </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Umbuji wa
Kirusi,<i> </i>Umuundo, Uhakiki Mpya,<i> </i>Umuundoleo, U - Marx, Ufeministi, Saikolojia
Changanuzi, Usasa, na Usasaleo. Nazo hujulikana zaidi kama nadharia za zama
hizi ijapokuwa </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">inaelekea baadhi yazo, zilikuwepo
(zilianza) hata kabla ya karne ya ishirini.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Kwa
maneno mengine, baadhi ya nadharia misingi yao ilijengwa hata kabla ya karne ya
20. Kilichofanyika katika karne hii ni kupewa uzito tu kwa maana ya kuanza
kujadiliwa na kufundishwa vyuoni kuanzia miaka ya 1920. Baadhi ya nadharia
hizi ni Umbuji wa Kirusi, U - Marx na Ufeministi (Kamusi ya Encarta, 2009).</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Jambo
linalojitokeza hapa ni kuwa, baadhi ya wataalamu wanaelekea kupuuza chimbuko la
jambo na badala yake kushikilia kipindi ambacho umaarufu wa jambo kitaaluma
ulipopata mashiko. Kwa mtalaa huu, dhana ya nadharia ya kifasihi ya uhakiki wa
zama hizi ni tete. Bila shaka unapaswa kusadifu zaidi </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Uhakiki Mpya,<i> </i>Umuundoleo, Saikolojia
Changanuzi, Usasa, Usasaleo, Unegritudi, Ujumi wa Kiafrika, na kadhalika </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">(A.
Mushengyezi; 2003)</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Hata hivyo, lengo la utafiti
huu ni kujikita katika msingi wa </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">nadharia ya kifasihi ya
uhakiki ili kutoa uwili wa kila nadharia pasipo kuzingatia hoja ya ‘ukongwe’ au
‘umaarufu.’ <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Kikubwa hapa ni mashiko na
uzito wa nadharia yenyewe dhidi ya zingine kama sehemu ya stadi ya fasihi na
uhakiki ili kutoa picha <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>anayoisisitiza
daima T. Eagleton (2008:14) kwamba kila mtu na jamii yake wana itikadi ya
kuyapima, kuyabainisha na kuyaamini mambo kwa mujibu wa imani inayoongoza
vipimo vyao; kauli inayoungwa mkono na E. Kezilahabi katika <i>Nagona </i>(1990)
kuwa ukamilifu mkamilifu ni sawa na safari isiyo na mwisho katika kuutafuta
uzuri au ukweli kuhusu maisha.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Kwa
mujibu wa wanaUmbuji, katika ujumla wake, mkazo umetiwa katika uteuzi, ujenzi
na matumizi mazuri ya vipengele vya fani, yaani, muundo (ploti, sura, wahusika
pamoja na muktadha, mandhari, mazingira) na mtindo (uteuzi na utumizi wa lugha/
maneno) ili kuleta mvuto na starehe kwa msomaji. Na kwa msomaji kuweza kupata
maana, ni sharti awe na weledi wa kuchambua na kupata maana ya kawaida na ile
iliyofichika. Na kwa mhakiki, ni muhimu kuepuka kutafuta wasifu wa mwandishi,
kujiuliza ‘nini alichokilenga/ kusudia mwandishi,’ kutafsiri kazi kwa
kuzingatia namna inavyomgusa na kumuathiri, pamoja na kuepuka ubinafsi wake
katika kuhakiki kazi husika ya kifasihi. Mtazamo huu waelekea kuungwa mkono na </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">P. M. Musau (1999: x)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> pale anaposema:</span></div>
</blockquote>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 67.7pt; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">…
kilicho muhimu zaidi ni kile kilichoandaliwa, yaani maandishi yenyewe…. Ni
sharti mhakiki amhukumu mtunzi kwa misingi ya kile alichoandaa mbele ya msomaji
wake. Vigezo vya kifasihi vyapaswa kuwa dira inayoongoza mhakiki, na wala siyo
vigezo vingine vilivyoko nje ya matini….</span></div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Umbuji,
kwa kiasi kikubwa, unapuuza uzito wa kipengele cha maudhui kama eneo la msingi
la kifasihi. Lengo lao ni kuburudisha (“sanaa kwa ajili ya sanaa”) na kujaribu
kuweka vigezo vya kuitofautisha fasihi na taaluma zingine (B. Eichenbaum; uk. 8
15; T. Eagleton; 2008: 1 14). Baadhi ya wanaUmbuji maarufu katika ujumla
wao ni pamoja na Roman Jakobson, Viktor Shklovsky (wanaumbuji wa Kirusi), T. E.
Eliot, A. I. Richards (wanauhakiki mpya), Ferdinand de Saussure (baba wa
Umuundo), Roland Barthes, Levi Strauss, Tzvetan Todorov (wanaumuundo mpya), na
Jacques Derrida (mwanaudenguzi).</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Kwa
mkazo huu, baadhi ya wataalamu, hasa wanaU - Marx, wanauona Umbuji kama wenye
kutetea na kujenga matabaka katika jamii. Kwa mfano, A. I. Haji (1981: 31)
anauita mtazamo wa kiumbuji kuwa ni mtazamo wa kibwanyenye, huku ule wa kimarx
akiuita wa kimapinduzi. </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">S.
D. Kiango</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">(1993: viii ix) anauita mtazamo huu kuwa wa kisanaa.
Tena anauona kuwa hauna lengo lolote katika maisha ya leo. Kwa mujibu wa A.
Harrison (1990: 297) hata hivyo, anaelekea kusisitiza kuwa uzuri wa fani/ sanaa
ni sharti upimwe kwa kutazama mchango wake kwa jamii husika. Yaani, fani
inaisaidiaje jamii bila shaka katika kuyakabili matatizo yaliyomo katika
jamii husika.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Kwa jumla, wanaoupinga
Umbuji yaelekea wanasahau dhima ya uburudishaji na uhamasishaji fikra wa hali
ya juu katika kupata maana. Kwa kutokuthamini mchango wa Umbuji katika uhakiki,
bila shaka uchambuzi wa kutumia uhalisia - mazingaombwe kwa mfano, utakuwa
mgumu sana. Kwani msomaji na mhakiki watashindwa kupasua sitiari na ishara
katika kazi kama <i>Nagona, Mzingile, Sadiki Ukipenda,</i> na <i>Mzimu wa Watu
wa Kale</i> kama anavyosisitiza F. E. M. K. Senkoro. Katika baadhi ya maandiko
Umbuji unatajwa kwa majina ya Urasimi, na Umuundo kama inavyojitokeza katika K.
Njogu na R. Chimerah (1999).</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Kwa upande wa U - Marx,
baadhi ya wataalamu wanaelekea kukubaliana kuwa U - Marx ndicho kipimo kizuri
cha kazi ya fasihi. Baadhi ya wataalamu hao ni </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">A. I. Haji
(1981: 31; 34), Karl Marx, F. Engels, T. Eagleton, Georg Lukács, na kadhalika. U
- Marx ni dhana yenye maudhui ya kijamii, kisiasa, kiuchumi na kiutamaduni
inayojadili uhusiano na mapambano ya kitabaka kati ya watu wa tabaka la chini
dhidi ya wale wa tabaka la juu. Pia, hujishughulisha na uchambuzi wa njia kuu
za uzalishaji mali na maendeleo ya kijamii katika nyanja zote za maisha ya
mwanadamu.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Ni
nadharia inayoshadidia mapambano yenye kumkomboa mtu wa tabaka la chini
(mapinduzi ya kweli na endelevu). Inamtaka msanii na mhakiki kujadili suala la
itikadi tawala, utamaduni, mihimili ya dola na ya kiuchumi kwa namna ambayo
itawafungua fikra, hisia na macho ya wanaonyonywa na kunyanyaswa, ili kutambua
kuwa vitu hivi ndivyo vyanzo vya ukandamizaji na unyonyaji (R. Williams; 1977).</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Kwa
mujibu wa A. Lunacharsky (1973: 10):</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 59.05pt; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 5.0in 369.0pt 423.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">…
U - Marx una jukumu kubwa, tena la msingi… kujishughulisha kwa dhati na juhudi
katika namna ya kumuumba mtu mpya na mfumo mpya wa maisha… U - Marx unayachukua
maisha ya kijamii kuwa ni muunganiko kamili, ambao viungo mbalimbali hutegemeana
na kukamilishana….</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Inavyoelekea
upya wa mtu na mfumo anaoujadili A. Lunacharsky ni ujamaa au mfumo wenye
kujenga mshikamano na umoja miongoni mwa wanajamii. A. I. Haji (1981: 31) anamuunga
mkono A. Lunacharsky kwa kuuita U - Marx kuwa ni mtazamo wa kimaendeleo. </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">S. D. Kiango</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">(1993: viii ix) anauita mtazamo huu kuwa wa
kidhamira.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Hata
hivyo, pamoja na T. Eagleton (2008: 14) kuwa ni m Marx, bado anadhani
umaendeleo ama umapinduzi au udhamira unaotwishwa U - Marx ni utata mtupu,
kwani kila mtu na jamii yake wana itikadi ya kuyapima, kuyabainisha na
kuyaamini mambo. Hii ina maana kuwa, hata ubwanyenye wa A. I. Haji bado ni
sehemu ya maudhui ya mapinduzi na maendeleo. Kwani aliye masikini leo kwako
wewe, bila shaka ni tajiri kwa mwingine.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Kwa
baadhi ya wataalamu, hakuna na si rahisi jamii yoyote ile duniani iliyoweza au
itakayoweza kuufikia ujamaa mkamilifu. Hoja hii hufungamanishwa na ushahidi
wenye misingi ya kihistoria, kijiografia, kiuchumi, kiitikadi, na kadhalika.
Shujaa Okonkwo katika <i>Things Fall Apart </i>(1958) amechorwa kama mhusika
aliyekulia katika ufukara wa kutupwa lakini anayakabili maisha kwa juhudi na
maarifa kiasi cha kuwa tajiri, shujaa, na mtu maarufu mwenye kuheshimika na jamii
yote ya Umwofia na vijiji vinavyowazunguka. Endapo wazungu wasingelibadili
historia ya waafrika, bila shaka vizazi kadhaa vya mbele vingeliwahesabu
warithi wa utajiri wa Okonkwo kuwa ni wafisadi na mabepari wasiokuwa wajamaa!</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Kwa
kuupa msisitizo U - Marx, kuna hatari ya kazi za kifasihi kuwa chapwa kifani.
Kwa baadhi ya watu, hasa </span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN;">wanademokrasia
– jamii wanapinga wazo la kumkomboa mwananchi kwa njia ya kuwepo kwa mapambano
ya kitabaka, mapinduzi ya vurungu, na kuwepo kwa udikteta wa tabaka la chini la
wafanyakazi dhidi ya matabaka mengine. Kwa wao, </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">U - Marx
unahubiri ujamaa pasipo kuweka mizani bayana ya kuupima kisayansi. </span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN;">Hata hivyo, pamoja na kupinga namna U - Marx
unavyoyasawiri matatizo na usuluhishi wake, wanademokrasia – jamii hawatoi njia
mbadala inayoweza kuwa muafaka kwa migogoro na matabaka kuepukwa katika jamii.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Kwa
mtalaa huu, hata U - Marx bado si suluhisho sahihi la mabadiliko ya jamii
endapo hautatumika vizuri. Hii ndiyo kusema, U - Marx hauna uzuri mkamilifu
kiasi cha kuufanya uwe ndiyo “msahafu” wa uhakiki wa kazi za kifasihi kama
unavyotazamwa na jamii nyingi za ulimwengu wa tatu, Tanzania ikiwemo.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Nadharia
nyingine ni Ufeministi. Kwa mujibu wa Kamusi ya Encarta (2009) Ufeministi ni
dhana jumuishi kwa mifumo ya imani na nadharia ambazo zimeweka mkazo maalumu
katika kusawiri haki na nafasi ya mwanamke katika utamaduni na jamii. Kwa
upande wa fasihi, Ufeministi unajengwa katika ajenda yenye kutathmini namna
itikadi na mfumo wa kijamii vinavyoathiri utu wa mwanamke kupitia lugha,
utamaduni, utendaji wa kila siku, mahusiano ya kijinsi na kijinsia, na
kadhalika. Yaani, fasihi na uhakiki wa kifeministi unajadili namna mwanamke
anavyojiona, namna jamii ya wanaume inavyomuona mwanamke, na namna mwanamke
anavyomuona mwanamke mwenzake. Lengo ni kumkomboa mwanamke kwa kuzingatia tamko
la Beijing, China la mwaka 1995 linalotaka jamii ya mfumo dume kutambua usawa,
haki, na mchango wa mwanamke katika majukumu na wajibu ndani na nje ya familia
na taifa ijapokuwa hapo awali Ufeministi ulianza kama jukwaa la ukombozi wa
mwanamke kisiasa (R. D. Sell; 1991, na K. H. Peterson; 2001). K. Njogu na R.
Chimerah wanaongeza kuwa, kwa namna fulani, nadharia ya mtazamo kike ni ‘jibu’
la mikabala ya awali (hususani U - Marx na Umuundo wa Kirusi) na imeshika kasi
zaidi mnamo miaka ya themanini na tisini.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Ukombozi
dhidi ya mwanamke kwa mujibu wa Mary Ann Weathers ni sharti uanzie katika fikra
za mwanamke mmoja mmoja kisha jamii nzima. Kwani kwake yeye “kama hauko huru,
utawezaje kuwakomboa wengine?”<b> </b>Hata hivyo, kwa mujibu wa Gloria Steinam,
ukombozi pekee na wa kweli wa mwanamke ni kwa yeye kujitenga/ kutokujihusisha
na dini (kutokuamini katika misahafu), tamaduni (zilizojengwa katika mfumo
dume), na ndoa. Kwake yeye, maeneo haya matatu ndivyo viini vya “utumwa” wa
mwanamke.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Pamoja
na jitihada nyingi katika kuijenga nadharia hii, bado baadhi ya wataalamu
wanaijenga katika misingi ya ubaguzi wa rangi na kiuchumi. Hii inasababisha,
kwa Waafrika, kuzungumzia Ufeministi katika sura mpya; sura ya Ujumi wa
Kiafrika. Pia, haibabadui namna gani mwanamke ataweza kuwa huru pasipo dini,
utamaduni, na ndoa. Kwani kila jambo, tukio, na desturi hufungamana na maisha
halisi ya jamii husika katika kipindi husika cha kihistoria; hivyo kuwa na
uwili uhasi na uchanya. Hoja ya Mary Ann Weathers kwamba ukombozi wa kifikra
ndiyo msingi wa mikabala mingine ya haki na wajibu wa mwanadamu, inaelekea kuwa
na mashiko zaidi ya kijamii kuliko ile ya Gloria Steinam ambayo haionyeshi
namna mwanamke anavyoweza kuwa huru nje ya idili za kijamii.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Hata
hivyo, suala la usawa linapaswa kutazamwa kwa maana pana zaidi, tena ya
kisayansi. Kwani baadhi ya wataalamu na wanajamii wanadhani kuwa hakuna na
hakutakuwepo usawa chini na juu ya jua. Matini ya sasa ni mbio za kubadilishana
vijiti tu, na si vinginevyo. Yaani, kama ilivyokuwa (na bado ipo kwa baadhi ya
jamii) katika kipindi cha mfumo kike, kisha mfumo dume; ndivyo itakavyokuwa
mbele ya safari. Tunabadilisha udongo wa juu wa leo (mfumo dume) kwa kuuzamisha
ndani/ ardhini na ule wa chini kuja juu ili tupate udongo wa juu wa kesho
(mfumo kike), (F. J. Masatu; 2008).</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Si
kwamba wanapinga harakati hizi, bali kinachopingwa ni tafsiri za harakati hizi
zinazopingana na uhalisi wa kihistoria na kiimani. Hii ina maana kwamba,
kuachana na mfumo dume ni mwanzo wa ufalme wa mfumo kike. Hili ndilo gurudumu
la maisha ya mwanadamu yamo katika mzunguko wa nyuzi 360. Daima, wakati
ukuta, Ebrahim Hussein (</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">1970</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">)
alisema. R. Dubos. (1968: 242) katika kutetea hoja ya uhalisi na historia,
anasema, “zama zilizopita si historia fu; ni nyenzo yakinifu inayoishi ambayo
kwayo binadamu anajiumba na kujenga wakati ujao.”</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Baadhi
ya waandishi na wanaufeministi ni pamoja na George Eliot, Virginia W., Margaret
Fuller, Mary Ann Weathers, Naomi Wolf, Gloria Steinam, na Penina Mhando/ Mlama.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Nadharia
nyingine ni </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Saikolojia
Changanuzi ambayo imejengwa katika msingi wa Mwanasaikolojia Sigmund Freud.
Nadharia hii inaitazama sanaa kama zao la mawazo ya kinjozi, tamaa ya macho,
ashiki, mfadhaiko, uhamisho wa kifikra, na tabia changamano. Kwa jumla, nadharia
hii inaitazama ashiki kuwa ndilo zao la kiwango cha juu kwa mwandishi pindi
anapounda au kuchambua kazi za kifasihi. Hii ndiyo kusema kuwa, kitovu cha
nadharia hii ni ubinafsi, silka, na dhamiri, hivyo uhakiki wa kazi za kifasihi
unapaswa kuzingatia mambo haya matatu (</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">A. Mushengyezi: 2003;</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"> <span lang="EN-GB">C. Momanyi: 2001</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">)</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Kwa kutumia nadharia hii mathalani, baadhi ya waumini
wake wanamuona Odili katika <i>A Man of the People </i>(1966) kuwa si
mwanamapinduzi wa kweli kwani kilichomfanya ajiunge na siasa, siasa ya
kuwapinga chama tawala na serikali yao ni kitendo cha Mheshimiwa Chifu Nanga
kufanya mapenzi na “mpenzi” wa Odili, Elsie. Kama ilivyo kwa Odili, nadharia
hii pia imeathiri mtazamo “chanya” wa baadhi ya wanaU - Marx juu ya shujaa
Okonkwo katika <i>Things Fall Apart </i>(1958). Hali hii inatokana na ugumu uliopo
katika kubainisha na kuchambua tabia ya binadamu kisayansi, kwani kwa asili
binadamu si kiumbe tuli, jambo linalowafanya baadhi ya waandishi na wahakiki
kutokuipa uzito pindi wanapoandaa au wanapochambua kazi za kifasihi (E. Wright:
1991; P. Rice & P. Waugh: 2001).</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Unegritudi, na Ujumi wa Kiafrika kwa pamoja ni
nadharia zinazoaksi siasa, utamaduni, sosholojia, uzuri wa mwanamke wa
kiafrika, mfumo na mtazamo chanya dhidi ya bara la Afrika. Kwa maneno mengine,
nadharia hizi ni dhana zinazoshadadia Uafrika na raslimali za bara la Afrika
kwa ajili ya Waafrika</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">(Ngugi
wa Thiong’o; 1994 / 1997)</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">.
Hivyo basi, ubora wa kazi ya fasihi kwa mujibu wa nadharia hizi ni sharti
uzingatie na kusawiri utamaduni wa kiafrika, rangi asili ya mwafrika (weusi)
hususani uzuri wa mwanamke, na mapambano endelevu dhidi ukoloni, na ukoloni
mamboleo (M. Msokile; 1993). Baadhi ya waumini wa nadharia hizi ni pamoja na:
Leopard Sedar Senghor, Aime Ceasar, Okot p’Bitek, Chinua Achebe, Ngugi wa
Thiong’o, na Wole Sonyinka.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Pamoja na malengo haya, bado nadharia hizi zinakabiliwa
na changamoto ya kuendelea kuwepo kwa mabaki ya mfumo wa kikoloni, tofauti za
kiimani, tofauti za kijiografia, tofauti za kiuchumi, tofauti za lugha, tofauti
za rangi na kadhalika miongoni mwa waafrika wenyewe kama ilivyobainishwa na baadhi
ya waandishi wa kiafrika katika D. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Duerden, & C.
Pieterse (wahariri; 1988)</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">.
Hali inayofanya mwonekano wa nadharia hizi kwa baadhi ya wachambuzi wa
kiafrika, na wa kimagharibi kutokuzielewa vema au kushindwa kubainisha uhalisi
wake miongoni mwa waafrika na kazi zao za kifasihi (C. M. Ndungo; 1991, na D.
Lodge & N. Wood; 2000).</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Kwa jumla, picha inayojitokeza katika mjadala wa
nadharia za uhakiki na mikabala ya kifasihi inadhihirisha upana wa namna binadamu
anavyoyasawiri maisha na mifumo yake. Yaani, kila mtazamo umejikita na
kusisitiza tafsiri yake dhidi ya fasihi na kazi za kifasihi kutathminiwa kwa
mujibu wa idili za imani husika ya wanaoiamini kuwa ndiyo ya kufaa “zaidi.” Kwa
jinsi uchambuzi ulivyofanyika kwa kila nadharia, ni dhahiri kuwa kila nadharia
imejengwa juu ya msingi na sababu fulani mahususi za kihistoria katika nyanja
mbalimbali za maisha. Hivyo, kuzifanya nadharia hizi kuwa na mashiko mtambuka
pindi zinapozingatiwa katika uwili wake kwani hakuna iliyoonekana kuwa
“takatifu” zaidi ya zingine. Hali hii ndiyo iliyomsukuma mtafiti kuona umuhimu
wa kuchunguza namna nadharia zinavyofundishwa, uhusiano wake na weledi wa
mwanafunzi katika kuzikabili changamoto mbalimbali anazokutana nazo ndani na
nje ya darasa kwa kujitegemea, lakini pia sababu zilizofanya mada hii
kutokuingizwa katika Muhtasari wa Kiswahili, sekondari.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<h1 style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">2. 3 Ufundishaji Fasihi
na Nadharia za Uhakiki katika Shule za Sekondari Tanzania</span></h1>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Katika
kipengele hiki, mtafiti ameyatalii maandiko ya wataalamu kadhaa wa uga wa
fasihi ya Kiswahili kupitia maandiko yao mbalimbali. Baadhi ya wataalamu hao ni
pamoja na: A. I. Haji (1981), M. Msokile (1993), P. M. Musai (1999), K. W.
Wamitila (2000), G. Ruhumbika (2006), F. E. M. K. Senkoro (1988; 2007), na
tafiti tatu linganishwa ambazo ni: K. Njogu & R. Chimerah (1999), M. Ntarangwi
(2004), na F. J. Masatu (2009). Uteuzi wao umezingatia kigezo cha maandiko yao
kuwa na mjadala wa kina kuhusiana na ufundishaji wa fasihi na nadharia za
uhakiki wa fasihi ya Kiswahili.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">A.
I. Haji (1981: 32) anabainisha kuwa “… siku hizi somo la Kiswahili
linafundishwa mafamba mafamba tu katika madarasa ya juu….” Kwake yeye,
suluhisho la tatizo hili, pamoja na mambo mengine, jamii ya elimu ya lugha na
fasihi vya Kiswahili wanapaswa kutambua kuwa hakuna njia nyepesi au ya mkato yenye
kumwezesha mwanafunzi - mhakiki kuwa mhakiki wa kutegemewa kwani ufundi wa
kuhakiki unapatikana kwa kuitambua fasili yenyewe (ya uhakiki) na nadharia zake.
Hoja hii inaungwa mkono na F. E. M. K. Senkoro (1988: vii), Wajumbe wa
Kongamano la Kimataifa la Kiswahili katika kipengele cha 1. 5. 3, azimio namba
22 (katika M. M. Mulokozi, na wenzake, (wahariri); 2000: 09), na Z. S. M.
Mochiwa (2001).</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Tofauti
na Wajumbe wa Kongamano waliotoa tamko la jumla kuhusu upungufu uliopo katika
ufundishaji wa Kiswahili, na A. I. Haji aliyeitalii fasihi ya Kiswahili kwa jumla
madarasani, F. E. M. K. Senkoro (1988: vii) anasawiri namna ushairi wa Kiswahili
unavyofundishwa mashuleni. Kwa namna ushairi unavyofundishwa katika mawanda finyu,
“baadhi ya walimu na wanafunzi wanauona uhakiki wa ushairi kuwa kazi ngumu na
hivyo kuogopa kuhakiki kazi na, au kujibu maswali yake,” kauli inayoungwa mkono
na M. Msokile (1993: iii). Kwa mujibu wa Senkoro, na Msokile, tatizo hili linachangiwa
na sababu kadhaa zikiwemo kutokuzingatia ubunifu binafsi, kutokuzielewa na
kuzitumia nadharia za uhakiki mathalani nadharia za umapokeo na usasa. F. E. M.
K. Senkoro (2007) anasisitiza pamoja na mambo mengine, hoja ya kuzielewa na
kuzitumia nadharia mbalimbali katika kufundisha na kuhakiki fasihi na kazi zake
kwani hakuna nadharia yenye ukamilifu mkamilifu inayoweza kuwa alfa na omega
katika Kiswahili.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Hoja
ya F. E. M. K. Senkoro inaweza kutanuliwa kwa kuzitazama nadharia za uhakiki
(kama zilivyopambanuliwa katika 2. 2: nadharia za uhakiki) na mifano ifuatayo
kutoka kwa baadhi ya mijadala ya wataalamu kupitia tahakiki au makala zao. H.
M. Njozi </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">(1990) </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">‘anawalaumu’
wahakiki kama vile F. E. M. K. Senkoro, M. S. Khatib, na Joseph Mbele, kwa
kutokuzingatia muktadha wa kidini (Uislamu) katika kuhakiki <i>Utenzi wa
Mwanakupona</i>; kama anavyosema:</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .25in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 67.7pt; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">…
this famous poem has so far received a very negative estimation in most of scholarly
reviews I have seen … explanations seem to have missed the spirit behind Mwanakupona’s
instructions because of their apparent neglect of the poem’s Islamic sources
(uk. 55).</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .25in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 67.7pt; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">…
shairi hili maarufu kwa muda sasa limetolewa maoni hasi sana miongoni mwa
maandiko mengi ya kitaaluma niliyoyaona… ufafanuzi (wao) unaelekea kukosa imani
dhidi ya maelekezo ya Mwanakupona, kwa sababu ya kupuuza, kuliko dhahiri vyanzo
vya mashairi ya Kiislamu (Tafsiri ya mwandishi).</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Tatizo
lililopo hapa si mtazamo walioutumia F. E. M. K. Senkoro, M. S. Khatib, na J.
Mbele, katika tahakiki zao. Kwani kila mmoja alihakiki kwa idili yake sawa na
alivyohakiki H. M. Njozi kwa kuzingatia muktadha wa kidini, hususani wa dini ya
Kiislamu. Hili ni suala la kiujumi zaidi. Kwa maneno mengine, H. M. Njozi
anawakumbusha wahakiki kutokuegemea tu katika Ufeministi mathalani, kwa
kudonoadonoa baadhi ya beti na kusahau uzuri wa shairi hili pindi muktadha wa
kidini unapozingatiwa kwa ajili ya ustawi na maendeleo ya kijamii na kiutamaduni
(mfano afya, ndoa na tendo la ndoa, ustaarabu, familia na kadhalika), kiuchumi,
kiimani, na kisiasa.Tatizo lipo kwa mwanafunzi asiyejishughulisha na nadharia
na tahakiki anuai katika kusoma na kujenga hoja na msimamo wake binafsi. Huyu
ataishia kukariri na kurejelea pasipo kujua kwa nini mwandishi amesema hivyo.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Baadhi
ya watu huona matokeo ya anguko la Rosa Mistika mathalani, katika riwaya ya <i>Rosa
Mistika</i> kuwa limesababishwa na malezi ya kudhibitiwa sana kutoka kwa baba
yake. Lakini, F. E. M. K. Senkoro anadhani anguko la Rosa Mistika, chanzo chake
ni yeye mwenyewe; kwa hoja kuwa, ua ni moja na daima haliwezi kustahimili
mikikimikiki ya dunia. Yaani hutokea, huchanua, lakini hufa mapema; tofauti na
dada yake, Flora. Flora kibaolojia ni mimea mbalimbali, hivyo mimea mingi kwa
pamoja huweza kuhimili vishindo vya dunia kama walivyojengwa na Kezilahabi.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Aidha,
kwa mujibu wa F. E. M. K. Senkoro (2007: 1 11), watu wengi pia, hudhani kuwa
kazi zote zinahakikiwa kwa kutumia nadharia moja. Hili si kweli, kwani kuna
baadhi ya kazi ambazo watu huzitaja kuwa ni ngumu na zisizoeleweka kama vile <i>Nagona,
Mzingile, Sadiki Ukipenda, Mzimu wa Watu wa Kale, Kufikirika, </i>na <i>Kusadikika</i>.
Kwake yeye kazi hizi si ngumu na zinaeleweka vema endapo, na endapo tu, msomaji
/ mhakiki atakuwa na uwezo wa kupasua sitiari na ishara kwa umahiri mkubwa. Na
nadharia inayofaa hapa ni ‘uhalisia mazingaombwe.’ Baada ya kuitumia nadharia
hii ndipo nadharia zingine zinaweza kutumika kujenga hoja kwa mujibu wa mtazamo
wa msomaji / mhakiki husika. Wapo pia wataalamu wanaodhani baadhi ya kazi kama
vile za Mathias Mnyampala (hasa <i>Ngonjera za Ukuta</i>) na Shaaban Robert (<i>Kusadikika</i>,
<i>Kufikirika</i> na <i>Wasifu wa Siti Binti Saad </i>na kadhalika) ni chapwa
(Bertoncini, 1989: 38 - 46). Lakini kwa wengine kazi hizi si chapwa kabisa.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Hii
ni mifano michache katika mingi inayoonyesha kugongana kwa mawazo na mitazamo
ya wataalamu. Jambo linaloashiria kuwa mpaka sasa hapajaweza kuwa na ujumi wa
kifasihi unaoweza kupokelewa na kukubalika kwa watu wote pasipo kutokea migongano
ya kijamii (T. Eagleton; 2008: 14). Kwa upande mwingine, inaelekea utamaduni wa
kutokubainisha kwa wazi aina ya nadharia itakayoongoza uhakiki wa kazi husika
ya fasihi umechangia “sintofahamu” miongoni mwa wasomaji na wahakiki
mbalimbali.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Katika
kubainisha suluhisho la kutokufundishwa kiufasaha mada za fasihi mashuleni M.
Msokile (1993, 1995) anapendekeza utumizi wa ubunifu binafsi kwa mwalimu na
mwanafunzi huku mbinu shirikishi ikizingatia njia ya mafunzo linganishi kama inavyofafanuli</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">wa vema na P. M. Musau katika </span><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Uhakiki
wa Tamthiliya: Historia na Maendeleo Yake</span></i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"> (1999: xii):</span></div>
</blockquote>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 48.2pt; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">... ulinganishaji ni kiungo muhimu cha uhakiki,
mhakiki anayefahamu kazi yake vizuri anapaswa kuwa mweledi wa maandishi mengi
ya kifasihi kutoka katika tamaduni mbalimbali. Kadhalika, mhakiki anapaswa kuwa
na ufahamu wa nadharia kadha wa kadha za uchambuzi wa kifasihi.</span></div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Inavyoelekea,
lengo hasa la mbinu hii ni kumwezesha msomaji na mhakiki kutengeneza mizani
itakayopanua welewa na msimamo wake juu ya kile anachokikabili ili kuepuka
“athari za kusombwa na upepo wa kimaono.” Mizani hiyo ya ulinganishaji ni
sharti ijipambanue katika mambo mbalimbali ikiwemo mijadala na maandiko ya
kifasihi, kama asemavyo G. Ruhumbika (2006: 225):</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .25in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 59.05pt; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 423.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>… kuwepo mwongozo wa vitabu vya rejea vya
kuaminika na vinavyokidhi mahitaji ya wakati uliopo…: la sivyo, mwalimu wa
Kiswahili mashuleni anapotea njia na kupotosha wanafunzi wake… na mwandishi wa
Kiswahili anakuwa mbabaishaji anayedhuru nchi nzima kwa maandishi yake badala
ya kuboresha lugha na kuendeleza fasihi yake.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Katika
kuonyesha namna ya kufundisha nadharia za uhakiki kwa kutumia mbinu ya mafunzo
linganishi, K. W. Wamitila (2000: 128 129; 197) anatanabaisha yafuatayo kwa
wasomaji na wahakiki:</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 58.7pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo35; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<ol>
<li><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kuelewa kuwa nadharia yoyote ile ya
kihakiki ni nyenzo tu ya kutusaidia kulifikia lengo fulani. Na kila nyenzo huwa
na ubora na udhaifu wake.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kuelewa kuwa nadharia huzuka katika
mazingira fulani maalumu ya fasihi ambayo yana wasifu mahususi. “…. Kwa mfano,
fasihi andishi ya Kiafrika inaaksi vipengele vya fasihi simulizi ambavyo
havitiliwi maanani sana katika uhakiki wa kifasihi wa Ulaya.”</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kuelewa kuwa makusudi ya kusoma nadharia
siyo kumdidimiza msomaji/mhakiki kwenye tope la nadharia, bali ni kumjuza
yaliyomo (katika kila mtazamo na makundi yake makuu manne) kwani “… huwezi
kukipinga kitu ambacho kwanza hukijui vyema… tunapaswa kuyajua yaliyopo… kama
hatua ya kwanza, kisha baadaye tunaweza kuzama kwenye uchunguzi wa kutafuta
njia mbadala.”</span></li>
</ol>
</div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Kimsingi,
nadharia za kihakiki hutofautiana kutokana na malengo ya msingi
(yanayofungamana na itikadi ama yake au ya kitabaka/kijamii) ya
msomaji/mhakiki. Sababu kuu ya kuwako kwa nadharia ni kumwezesha mhakiki
kuyaangaza masuala mbalimbali kwa kina na kwa mpangilio maalumu ili kwa
kuzijua, kauli za mhakiki za kitathmini zitakuwa na mihimili mizuri ya
kinadharia.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .25in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Naye
M. Msokile (1993: 15) katika kuboresha hoja ya umuhimu wa kujifunza nadharia za
uhakiki kwa kutumia mbinu ya mafunzo linganishi anasema:</span></div>
</blockquote>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 58.7pt; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mara
nyingi kazi za kifasihi zinazohakikiwa zinaweza kuwa katika hali mbili: kazi
ambayo haijahakikiwa kabisa, na pili, kazi ambayo imekwisha hakikiwa mara moja
ama pengine hata mara nyingi. Katika hali hii, mhakiki anatakiwa afanye utafiti
ili kuona nini kimeandikwa na kimeandikwa vipi? Je, yeye anapohakiki anachangia
nini kipya? Pengine si suala la kuchangia kipya, bali ametumia mkabala ambao ni
tofauti na ule uliotumiwa?</span></div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">M.
Msokile ameongeza jukumu muhimu sana kwa msomaji na mhakiki mzuri wa kazi ya
fasihi; nalo ni utafiti. Utafiti huu huweza kufanyika kwa njia ya kupitia
tahakiki na makala mbalimbali au kuhudhuria mijadala ya kifasihi, hususani ile
yenye kuwepo uwasilishwaji wa mada mbalimbali. Huku si tu kutapanua wigo wa
uelewa wa mhakiki, bali pia kutamwimarisha katika kutambua haki, mipaka, na
wajibu wa mhakiki wa kazi ya kifasihi.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Maoni
ya wataalamu hawa yanafungamana kwa kiasi kikubwa na matokeo ya tafiti tatu
linganishwa ambazo ni K. Njogu & R. Chimerah (1999), M. Ntarangwi (2004),
na F. J. Masatu (2009). Tafiti hizi zinajipambanuwa kama ifuatavyo:</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>K. Njogu na R. Chimerah (1999) wamefanya
utafiti juu ya</span><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"> <span lang="EN-GB">Ufundishaji wa fasihi: nadharia na mbinu</span></span></i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">mashuleni.
Kama A. I. Haji na watafiti wengine walivyotamka, bado lipo tatizo la msingi
katika ufundishaji wa somo la fasihi miongoni mwa taasisi mbalimbali za kielimu
katika Afrika Mashariki. Utafiti wa K. Njogu na R. Chimerah ulitumia mbinu ya
uchambuzi – maudhui kutathmini nadharia za fasihi ya kiswahili. Utafiti wao
umezihusisha nadharia hizi na kazi mbalimbali za fasihi ya Kiswahili, kama
mifano ya msingi katika ujenzi wa hoja.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Lengo
lao kuu lilikuwa kutafsiri na kufanya muhtasari wa nadharia mbalimbali za
fasihi zilizo katika lugha ya Kiingereza kwa kuziweka katika lugha ya Kiswahili
kama njia mojawapo ya kurahisisha na kukidhi haja ya ufundishwaji na usomwaji
wa nadharia hizi katika mazingira ya elimu, Afrika Mashariki. Hata hivyo,
wataalamu hawa wameutazama ufundishaji wa nadharia katika ngazi ya sekondari na
vyuo kwa jumla zaidi, jambo ambalo limemsukuma mtafiti kuainisha ngazi mahususi
ya utafiti, yaani ngazi ya sekondari. Pia, kazi hii haijatanabaisha yupi ni
mhakiki wa kazi ya fasihi, na kiwango gani cha elimu ambacho nadharia hizi
zinapaswa kufundishwa.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">M.
Ntarangwi (2004) amefanya utafiti katika uga wa nadharia za uhakiki kwa ajili
ya andiko lake la Shahada ya Uzamivu. Kazi yake “haitofautiani” sana na ile ya
Njogu na wenzake isipokuwa ya kwake ikiwa katika lugha ya Kiswahili. Lengo kuu
la utafiti likiwa kutathmini mambo ya msingi katika fasihi, na kuainisha
nadharia mbalimbali za Kiswahili kwa kuzingatia maendeleo ya mikondo hiyo ya
nadharia za fasihi. Kwa jumla, bado utafiti umejengwa katika sura ya jumla mno
kuwashawishi wasomaji hasa wa ngazi za chini za kielimu mathalani, kuupa
kipaumbele kama rejeleo muhimu, pia haujatathmini sababu, namna, na umuhimu wa kufundishwa
nadharia za uhakiki wa fasihi ya Kiswahili kwa wanafunzi wa sekondari katika
kumjengea mwanafunzi stadi na weledi wa kuzikabili changamoto anuai anazokutana
nazo ndani na nje ya darasa.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">F.
J. Masatu (2009) amefanya utafiti katika uga wa nadharia na ushairi wa
Kiswahili. Lengo kuu likiwa kutathmini namna Ushairi wa Kiswahili
unavyofundishwa katika Shule za Sekondari na Elimu ya Juu (Kata ya Poli, Wilaya
ya Meru, Mkoa wa Arusha). Mbinu za utafiti zilizotumika ni Uchunguzi, Hojaji,
na Tathmini kutoka Maandiko ya kitaaluma. Utafiti ulijikita katika kutathmini
mpaka - msingi uliopo baina ya ushairi wa Kiswahili na nyimbo za Kiswahili.
Matokeo yanaonyesha kuwa ni vigumu kubaini mpaka – msingi uliopo baina ya aina
hizi mbili za ushairi wa Kiswahili kwa kutumia mtazamo wa Kimapinduzi, hasa
panapolinganishwa na kulinganuliwa kwa mashairi ya kisasa na nyimbo. Kimsingi,
utafiti haukujikita katika nadharia zingine za uhakiki wa fasihi ya Kiswahili zaidi
ya umapokeo na umapinduzi. Pia, utafiti wake haukuchunguza endapo mada ya
nadharia za uhakiki wa fasihi ya Kiswahili inafundishwa katika ngazi ya shule
za sekondari, yaani utafiti haukujibu maswali ya: kwa nini, na kwa vipi mada
hii siyo sehemu ya rasmi ya Muhtasari wa Kiswahili, sekondari.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<h1 style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">2. 4 Pengo la Msingi katika Mapitio ya Maandiko</span></h1>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Kwa
namna moja au nyingine, wataalamu mbalimbali katika mitazamo yao wanaelekea
kukubaliana kuwa upo umuhimu wa kujifunza nadharia za uhakiki. Pia, kupitia
mawazo yao, yaelekea hakuna nadharia yenye ujumi mkamilifu. Zaidi ya hayo, maandiko
yaliyopitiwa katika sura hii yameutazama ufundishaji wa nadharia za uhakiki katika
ngazi za elimu kijumla, ijapokuwa elimu ya juu imezingatiwa zaidi. Bila shaka huku
kutokana na msingi kuwa nadharia za uhakiki ni mada au sehemu ya kozi au
programu rasmi katika elimu ya juu hali ambayo sivyo kwa ngazi ya elimu ya
sekondari.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Zaidi
ya hayo, inaelekea wataalamu wengi wanalitazama tatizo la ufundishaji wa mada
za fasihi kuwa linatokana na mbinu za ufundishaji na matini yanayotumika huku
“wakisahau” muundo na maudhui ya mada zilizomo katika mihtasari ya Kiswahili
hususani ngazi ya sekondari. Hili ndilo pengo hasa lililozaa utafiti huu.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Kwa
taswira hii, inawezekana hata tathmini ya nadharia za uhakiki wa fasihi ya
Kiswahili kwa shule za sekondari ni wa chini miongoni mwa wataalamu na watafiti
wa fasihi ya Kiswahili kutokana na nadharia za uhakiki kutokuwa mada au sehemu
rasmi katika Muhtasari wa Kiswahili Sekondari.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Kwa
mantiki hii, mtafiti anadhani upo ulazima wa kuchunguza namna nadharia
zinavyofundishwa sekondari, kubaini sababu za kutokujumuishwa nadharia za
uhakiki katika Muhtasari wa Kiswahili Sekondari, na kueleza uhusiano uliopo
kati ya nadharia za uhakiki wa fasihi ya Kiswahili na uwezo wa mwanafunzi
kujitegemea kivitendo katika majukumu kadha wa kadha anayopewa ndani na nje ya
darasa katika ngazi ya sekondari. Kwa upande wa tahakiki zilizoainishwa kama
mifano, imebainika kuwa wahakiki hawabainishi nadharia zinazoongoza uhakiki wao.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<h1 style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">2. 5 Hitimisho</span></h1>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Kwa muhtasari, mjadala mzima uliojitokeza katika sura
ya kwanza na hii ya pili unatoa uzito mpana zaidi katika mahitaji ya msingi
yanayopaswa kutazamwa kwa makini pindi nadharia za uhakiki zinaposawiriwa
kivitendo ndani na nje ya darasa husika.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Hatua hii inafungua ukurasa wa utafiti kama huu
kuchunguza namna nadharia zinavyofundishwa, uhusiano wake na weledi wa
mwanafunzi katika kuzikabili changamoto mbalimbali anazokutana nazo ndani na
nje ya darasa kwa kujitegemea, lakini pia sababu zilizofanya mada hii
kutokuingizwa katika Muhtasari wa Kiswahili, sekondari.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Kwani
katika zama hizi za utandawazi, mwanafunzi na mwalimu katika elimu ya sekondari
wanapaswa kufungua silisila za utumwa wa kutegemea tahakiki na mawazo ya watu
wengine kama silaha ya hoja zao. Kwani kila mtu ni muumini wa itikadi fulani
katika maisha.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<h1 align="center" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">SURA YA TATU</span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></h1>
<h1 align="center" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">MBINU NA VIFAA VYA UTAFITI</span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></h1>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<h1 style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">3. 0 Utangulizi</span></h1>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Sura
hii imejikita katika kutoa dira iliyoongoza utafiti unaohusu ufundishaji wa
nadharia za uhakiki wa fasihi ya kiswahili katika shule za sekondari, Tanzania.
Mbinu na vifaa husika ni pamoja na: <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>muundo
wa utafiti, eneo la utafiti, tathmini ya vifaa na mbinu, idadi ya wajibu
hojaji/ jaribio la utafiti, uteuzi wa sampuli, vifaa vya utafiti (jaribio la
ufahamu, hojaji, na uchunguzi), udhibiti wa vifaa vya utafiti, na uchambuzi wa
data.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<h1 style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">3. 1 Muundo wa Utafiti</span></h1>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Kwa mujibu wa C. R. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Kothari
(1993) muundo wa utafiti ni muundo changamano unaojumuisha dhana anuai ambazo
huongoza utafiti. Muundo huu unamsaidia mtafiti kupata data za kina ili
kukamilisha malengo ya utafiti husika. </span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Muundo
wa utafiti ulikuwa ni wa muktadha halisi<b> </b>ambapo mtafiti alitumia mbinu
ya majaribio kwa kulinganisha matokeo ya majibu kutoka shule mbili teule.
Mtafiti ambaye kiweledi ni mwalimu wa lugha, na fasihi aliiteua shule ya
sekondari Elly’s kuwa shule dhibitiwa kwa kuwafundisha wanafunzi wajibu hojaji/
jaribio la utafiti nadharia mbili za uhakiki wa fasihi ya Kiswahili (U - Marx
na Umbuji wa Kirusi – nadharia moja kwa siku moja kwa juma). Baada ya siku
mbili za kujifunza nadharia, wanafunzi teule walipewa muda wa juma moja ili
wajisomee kabla ya kufanya jaribio la kuhakiki kazi teule ya kifasihi. Katika
shule ya pili, shule ya sekondari Ikizu, wanafunzi hawakufundishwa kabisa
nadharia za uhakiki isipokuwa, walitakiwa kufanya uhakiki wa kazi teule sawa na
ile iliyotolewa katika shule ya sekondari Elly’s. Lengo la jaribio hili
lilikuwa kuchunguza iwapo pana tofauti ya kimtazamo na kiutendaji kati ya
mwanafunzi aliyejifunza na ambaye hakujifunza nadharia za uhakiki wa fasihi ya
Kiswahili.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Utafiti
ulifanyika kwa miezi mitatu katika shule mbili za sekondari zenye kufundisha
Kiswahili, kidato cha tano na sita. Wajibu hojaji/ jaribio la utafiti wote ni
wadau wa somo la Kiswahili. Zoezi hili halikufanywa na walimu isipokuwa wao
walimsaidia mtafiti katika kulitathmini na kulisimamia.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Uteuzi
wa nadharia zilizofundishwa ulizingatia msingi wa kwamba U - Marx ni mojawapo
ya nadharia za kimaudhui wakati Umbuji ni miongoni mwa nadharia za kimuundo
jambo ambalo linajenga pande mbili za uhakiki – maudhui na fani
“zinazokamilishana.” Kwa sehemu kubwa, inaelekea mawanda ya nadharia hizi ndiyo
yanayoongoza chambuzi za matini mengi ya kifasihi, ijapokuwa hazipambanuliwi
waziwazi.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<h1 style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">3. 2 Eneo la Utafiti</span></h1>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Utafiti
ulifanyika katika shule ya sekondari Elly’s na shule ya sekondari Ikizu kutoka Wilaya
ya Bunda, Mkoa wa Mara. Wilaya hii kwa Kaskazini inapakana na Wilaya ya Musoma
Vijiji, Kusini inapakana na Ziwa Viktoria na Mkoa wa Simiu, huku ikipakana na
Wilaya ya Serengeti kwa upande wa Mashariki.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Sababu
ya msingi ya kuichagua Wilaya ya Bunda ni kwamba, wakati wa utafiti huu mtafiti
alikuwa anafanya kazi katika moja ya taasisi za elimu wilayani Bunda, ikiwemo
Shule ya Sekondari Elly’s. Pia, mtafiti anaifahamu vema wilaya hii hususani
maeneo mnamopatikana shule teule – kitamaduni, kimazingira na hali ya kiuchumi
ya wakazi wake, hivyo kurahisisha na kusaidia udhibiti wa hali ya ukusanyaji
data, hususani kutoka shule iliyodhibitiwa. Sababu hii inafungamana na hoja ya
Wanauchambuzi fafanuzi kuwa ili kupata data za kina na sahihi kutoka eneo la
utafiti, ni sharti mtafiti awe ni sehemu rasmi au mmoja wa wanajamii
mnamofanyika utafiti (K. Mwiria & S. P. Wamahiu; 1995).</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Kifupi,
uteuzi wa shule hizi ulizingatia sababu nne za msingi: (i) mbinu kuu ya utafiti
ilikuwa ni majaribio, hivyo ilimpasa mtafiti kuwa na sampuli ndogo anayoweza
kuimudu na kuidhibiti ili kupata picha ya kina kuhusiana na ufundishaji wa
nadharia za uhakiki wa fasihi ya Kiswahili. (ii) Kijiografia, shule hizi
zinapatikana katika maeneo mawili tofauti lakini yenye kufikika kirahisi; Shule
ya sekondari Elly’s iko takribani mita 3800 kutoka Bunda mjini ilhali shule ya
sekondari Ikizu iko pembezoni mwa mji wa Bunda takribani kilomita ishirini na
nane (28 km) kutoka stendi kuu ya mabasi ya mjini Bunda.<b> </b>(iii) Mtafiti
aliwahi kufanya kazi kama mwalimu katika Shule ya Sekondari Elly’s, hali
iliyomsaidia kujipenyeza kwa uhuru zaidi katika shughuli mbalimbali
zilizoongoza utafiti, pamoja na kupata ushirikiano mkubwa kutoka wanajamii wa
shule hii, na (iv) Shule zote zina idadi ya kutosha ya wanafunzi wa Kiswahili
ambao waliweza kushiriki kikamilifu katika utafiti.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<h1 style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">3. 3 Tathmini ya Vifaa/ Mbinu za Utafiti</span></h1>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Tathmini
hii ilifanyika kupitia wanafunzi wa Kiswahili, kidato cha sita, na walimu wao. Katika
Shule ya Sekondari Mwembeni iliyoko Manispaa ya Musoma Mjini, Mkoa wa Mara,
kabla ya utafiti rasmi kuanza. Lengo lilikuwa kuzipima mbinu na vifaa vya
utafiti kama vinakidhi ubora wa utafiti huu. Mbinu na vifaa vilivyotathminiwa ni:
mbinu za ufundishaji, ufahamu na swali la utafiti, mwongozo wa uchunguzi, na
hojaji kwa walimu na wanafunzi. Katika maeneo ya mbinu za ufundishaji, ufahamu
na swali la utafiti, na mwongozo wa uchunguzi hapakuwa na dosari wala tatizo.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Tatizo
lilijitokeza katika hojaji zote mbili (ya walimu/ mtaalamu toka Taasisi ya
Elimu Tanzania, na ya wanafunzi), ambapo swali namba tatu (kwa walimu) na namba
sita (kwa wanafunzi) lilibainika kuwa la jumla mno kwa wajibu hojaji kubaini
kilichokusudiwa hasa. Swali lilisema (kwa walimu), “ni nadharia zipi unazopenda
kuzifundisha; na kwa nini?” swali hili liliathiri hata mantiki ya swali namba
sita kwa walimu lililosema, “kwa mtazamo wako, unadhani mada hii inafaa
kufundishwa kuanzia kidato cha ngapi; na kwa nini?” Kwa wanafunzi swali
lilikuwa “ni nadharia ipi au zipi unazofundishwa darasani pako?” Majibu yao
yalikuwa “nadharia ya fasihi, nadharia ya vitabu kama vile shairi, riwaya,
tamthiliya, na nadharia ya lugha,” “nadharia ya uhakiki, udhamini, uhuru wa
mwandishi,” “nadharia ya uhakiki na mhakiki,” “nadharia ya fasihi simulizi na
fasihi andishi,” na “nadharia za fasihi kwa jumla, na sanaa.”</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Tathmini
hii iliendelea hata kwa shule teule ambapo swali hili liliwekwa mwishoni kupima
majibu ya wajibu hojaji/ jaribio la utafiti wa Shule ya Sekondari Mwembeni na
wa shule teule za utafiti. Matokeo yake ni kutokuwepo tofauti yoyote baina ya
majibu yao na yale ya Shule ya Sekondari Mwembeni - kwa wanafunzi na walimu.
Kwa jumla, majibu yaliyotolewa na wajibu hojaji hayakuzingatia utangulizi
uliokuwapo katika hojaji husika wala mahusiano ya maswali ya awali na yale
yaliyofuata. Hata hivyo, mtafiti alilazimika kubadili maswali haya ili lengo la
msingi la utafiti huu liweze kupatikana. Maswali mbadala yalikuwa ni:</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l27 level1 lfo17; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Je,
umewahi kuzisikia dhana zifuatazo (weka tiki sehemu moja kwa kila kipengele)?</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l27 level1 lfo17; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> Nimeisikia<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Sijaisikia</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">a. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>U - Marx <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>[<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>]<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><b><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>[<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>]<b> </b><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 1.75in; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo36; tab-stops: list 1.75in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Umbuji<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>[<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>]<b><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>[<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>]<b> </b><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .25in; margin-left: 1.75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo36; tab-stops: list 1.75in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Ufeministi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>[<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>]<b>
</b><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>[<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>]</span></div>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l27 level1 lfo17; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">(a)
Kama umewahi kuzisikia/kuisikia, Je, ulizisikia/uliisikia wapi?</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">(b)
Ulisikia zikielezwaje/ikielezwaje?</span> </div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">(c) Kwa mawazo yako, unazielezaje dhana za U -
Marx, Umbuji, na Ufeministi?</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<h1 style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">3. 4 Idadi ya Wajibu Hojaji na Ufahamu</span></h1>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Idadi
husika ya wajibu hojaji/ jaribio la utafiti ni ishirini na tano, wakiwemo
wanafunzi ishirini, walimu wanne, na mtaalamu mmoja kutoka Taasisi ya Elimu
Tanzania. </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Idadi hii
imetokana na mwongozo wa </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">D. Ary, na wenzake (2006) ambao
wanaainisha kuwa katika mazingira fulani ya utafiti, mtafiti hana budi
kuzingatia zaidi aghalabu eneo mahususi la utafiti, na aina ya wajibu hojaji/
jaribio la utafiti. Kwa kuvizingatia vitu hivi viwili, mtafiti atawatumia
wajibu hojaji/ jaribio la utafiti wote atakaokuwa amewaainisha katika utafiti
wake pasipo kuzingatia mathalani uwiano wa kijinsi na kiushiriki. Zaidi ya
hayo, muundo wa utafiti ni wa majaribio ambao unamlazimu mtafiti kuwa na namba
ya wajibu hojaji/ jaribio la utafiti atakayoimudu vema ili uchunguzi uwe wa
kina na wenye tija.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<h1 style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">3. 5 Uteuzi wa Sampuli</span></h1>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Uteuzi
ulizingatia msingi wa D. Ary, (kama lililotangulia) ambao wanaainisha kuwa
katika mazingira fulani ya utafiti, mtafiti hana budi kuzingatia zaidi aghalabu
eneo mahususi la utafiti, na aina ya wajibu hojaji/ jaribio la utafiti. Kwa
kuzingatia maelekezo ya wataalamu hawa, walimu na wanafunzi wote wa Kiswahili,
kidato cha sita kutoka shule ya sekondari Elly’s na shule ya sekondari Ikizu
walihusika. Shule zote hizi zina kidato cha sita na mchepuo unaojumuisha somo
la kiswahili, kidato ambacho ndicho wanafunzi wake wa Kiswahili walihusika
katika utafiti. Kwa mujibu wa D. Ary, (kama lililotangulia) uteuzi wa shule kwa
kuzingatia sampuli lengwa unamsaidia mtafiti kuteua shule kutoka katika orodha
ya jumla ya mashule, na kupitia uteuzi huo wajibu hojaji/ jaribio la utafiti wote
waliolengwa watajumuishwa katika sampuli. Kipengele cha uwiano wa kijinsi
ulifungamana na mazingira ya upatikanaji wa sampuli watu. Sampuli lengwa
ilitumika kumpata mtaalamu wa Kiswahili, mjibu hojaji kutoka Taasisi ya Elimu
Tanzania.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Uteuzi wa kidato cha sita ulizingatia
sababu kuu mbili ambazo ni (i) kwa mujibu wa Wizara ya Elimu na Mafunzo ya
Ufundi</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"> (2009) </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">wanafunzi
wa kidato cha sita wanatakiwa wawe wamekwishajifunza mada ya uhakiki uchambuzi
wa kazi za fasihi ukiwemo pindi wakiwa kidato cha tano ili waanze na kuendelea kuhakiki
kazi za kifasihi</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"> hata
wanapohitimu masomo ya sekondari. (ii) Kidato cha sita ni darasa linalokabiliwa
na mtihani wa taifa, hivyo wanafunzi wanajitahidi kutimiza ndoto zao kwa
juhudi, maarifa, na mbinu mbalimbali. Kwa upande wa walimu na mtaalamu kutoka
Taasisi ya Elimu Tanzania, matarajio ya </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">mtafiti juu yao yalikuwa,
walimu hawa wa Kiswahili bila shaka walisoma nadharia hizi pindi wakiwa vyuoni;
uwezo wao katika kufundisha somo la Kiswahili – fasihi, pamoja na tafiti
walizofanya ama zilizo rasmi au zisizo rasmi kutatoa picha kamili ya
kinachoendelea darasani. Hatua iliyosaidia kubainisha sababu na umuhimu wa
kufundishwa au kutokufundishwa nadharia za uhakiki.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<h1 align="center" style="text-align: center;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc306223152"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc297099341"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc297064075"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc297051455"></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc297051455;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc297064075;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc297099341;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc306223152;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Jedwali 1:
Mchanganuo wa Wajibu Hojaji/ Ufahamu</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></h1>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid black; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid black; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 480;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 110.7pt;" valign="top" width="148"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Namba</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 110.7pt;" valign="top" width="148"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Taasisi / Shule</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 110.7pt;" valign="top" width="148"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Idadi ya Wajibu Hojaji/ Jaribio la Utafiti</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 110.7pt;" valign="top" width="148"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hadhi</span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td rowspan="2" style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 110.7pt;" valign="top" width="148"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1</span></div>
</td>
<td rowspan="2" style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 110.7pt;" valign="top" width="148"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Shule dhibitiwa</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 110.7pt;" valign="top" width="148"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">08</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 110.7pt;" valign="top" width="148"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Wanafunzi kidato cha sita, Kiswahili </span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 110.7pt;" valign="top" width="148"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">02</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 110.7pt;" valign="top" width="148"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mwalimu, Kiswahili kidato cha sita</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td rowspan="2" style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 110.7pt;" valign="top" width="148"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2.</span></div>
</td>
<td rowspan="2" style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 110.7pt;" valign="top" width="148"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Shule isiyodhibitiwa</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 110.7pt;" valign="top" width="148"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">12</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 110.7pt;" valign="top" width="148"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Wanafunzi kidato cha sita, Kiswahili</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 110.7pt;" valign="top" width="148"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">02</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 110.7pt;" valign="top" width="148"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mwalimu,Kiswahili kidato cha sita</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 110.7pt;" valign="top" width="148"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3.</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 110.7pt;" valign="top" width="148"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Taasisi ya Elimu Tanzania</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 110.7pt;" valign="top" width="148"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">01</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 110.7pt;" valign="top" width="148"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mtaalamu uga wa Kiswahili</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 6; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 110.7pt;" valign="top" width="148"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Jumla kuu</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 110.7pt;" valign="top" width="148"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 110.7pt;" valign="top" width="148"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">25</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 110.7pt;" valign="top" width="148"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<h1 style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">3. 6 Vifaa vya Utafiti</span></h1>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Utafiti
ulitumia jaribio la utafiti, hojaji na uchunguzi kama vifaa vya kukusanyia
data. Vifaa hivi ni njia ambazo zilitumika kukusanya data kwa mawanda mapana na
kwa ufanisi zaidi.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<h1 style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">3. 6. 1 Jaribio la Utafiti</span></h1>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Katika
kufanikisha ukusanyaji data kwa njia ya jaribio la utafiti, mtafiti aliandaa
somo la nadharia za uhakiki kwa shule dhibitiwa pamoja na swali moja lililotokana
na kifungu cha habari (ufahamu) ili mwanafunzi aisome na kuihakiki. Kazi teule
ya kifasihi (ufahamu) na swali lake vilikuwa vya aina moja kwa shule zote
mbili. Lengo likiwa ni kudhibiti matokeo ya jaribio la utafiti ili kubaini kama
kuna tofauti ya kimtazamo na kiutendaji kati ya mwanafunzi aliyejifunza na ambaye
hakujifunza nadharia za uhakiki.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<h1 style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">3. 6. 2 Hojaji</span></h1>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Hojaji
ilitumika kupata maoni ya wanafunzi, mtaalamu kutoka Taasisi ya Elimu Tanzania,
na walimu kuhusiana na nafasi ya nadharia za uhakiki kufundishwa au
kutokufundishwa katika ngazi ya sekondari. Kwa mujibu wa R. N. Sharma (2005:
206; 215) hojaji ni:</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .25in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 59.05pt; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 369.0pt 423.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">seti
ya maswali teule ya mtafiti ambayo majibu yake yanatafutwa kutoka kwa wajibu
hojaji ili kupata taarifa kuhusu mambo fulani mahususi…. Ni nafuu kiuchumi,
inaokoa muda, ni bora katika mitalaa maalumu, inafaa katika tafiti za wigo
mpana na inafaa zaidi katika aina maalumu za mwitikio ikilinganishwa na njia
zingine za ukusanyaji wa data.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<h1 style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">3. 6. 3 Uchunguzi</span></h1>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Mtafiti
alichunguza maswali ya mtihani wa taifa wa Kiswahili karatasi ya pili kuanzia
2006 hadi 2010 ili kuona iwapo mada hii huzingatiwa katika utunzi na uchaguzi
wa maswali. Muhtasari wa Kiswahili, maandiko anayotumia mwalimu na mwanafunzi
wa somo la fasihi ya Kiswahili, azimio la somo, na vitabu vinavyotumika
kufundishia fasihi ya Kiswahili vilizingatiwa. Namna ya ufundishaji wa nadharia
ya uhakiki wa fasihi ya Kiswahili nao ulipewa kipaumbele, kuona iwapo kuna
uzito wa pekee unaotolewa kwa mada hii. Haya yote yalitathminiwa kwa njia ya uchunguzi.
Uchunguzi, kwa mujibu wa R. N. Sharma (2005: 145; 147) ni mbinu bora zaidi ya
uchunguzi katika sayansi jamii, na ni shughuli ya macho yenye mpaka katika
lengo mahususi linalohitaji kupanga, kuona na kuwekewa kumbukumbu.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Kila
jambo linalohusiana na kuonekana kuwa muhimu katika utafiti huu, lilipewa uzito
stahiki katika hatua zote za utafiti. Mathalani, mtafiti hakuwa na budi
kuzingatia, kutambua na kuthamini suala la ufahamu binafsi wa mwanafunzi juu ya
uhakiki na nadharia ya uhakiki. Lengo likiwa kupima namna wanavyoweza kujiamini
katika kujibu hoja mbalimbali.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<h1 style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">3. 7 Udhibiti wa Vifaa vya Utafiti</span></h1>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Katika
kuhakikisha ubora wa matokeo ya utafiti, mtafiti alipata kibali cha kuendesha
utafiti katika shule zote mbili. Mazingira ya upatikanaji na uundwaji wa darasa
teule la utafiti ulizingatiwa kwa hali ya juu ili kujenga utulivu na utayari wa
kutosha kwa wajibu hojaji/ jaribio la utafiti wote kufanya shughuli za utafiti
kwa mshikamano, uwazi na moyo wa kujitolea. Lengo likiwa kudhibiti ubora wa
data na matokeo ya data husika. Muda wa kujibu zoezi la jaribio kwa wanafunzi wajibu
jaribio la utafiti ulikuwa ni saa moja, na majadiliano hayakuruhusiwa miongoni
mwa wajibu hojaji/ jaribio la utafiti wakati wakiendelea na shughuli ya kujibu zoezi.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Pia,
wajibu hojaji/ jaribio la utafiti hawakuruhusiwa kuwa na maandiko yoyote anayohusiana
na mada ya utafiti, zikiwemo tahakiki. Kila mjibu hojaji/ jaribio la utafiti
alikusanya karatasi yake punde alipomaliza kuhakiki majibu yake - ndani ya muda
wa jaribio. Majibu ya jaribio yalikuwa ni siri isipokuwa kwa mjibu hojaji/
jaribio la utafiti husika, mwalimu wa somo, na mtafiti.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<h1 style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">3. 8 Uchambuzi wa Data</span></h1>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Mtafiti alipitia kila kipengele na mbinu
zilizotumika katika utafiti ili kutathmini iwapo hatua na vigezo mbalimbali vya
ukusanyaji wa data vilizingatiwa vema.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Baada ya tathmini hiyo, mtafiti alianza kuhakiki data moja baada ya
nyingine kwa utulivu kisha kuzinakili, kuzipanga na kuzitathmini kwa kuzingatia
malengo ya jumla, na malengo mahususi ya utafiti. Mtafiti aliepuka kuchambua
data kwa kusukumwa na utashi, imani, mtazamo na hisia binafsi ili kuepuka
kughushi matokeo au kuathiri masuala ya mafao ya utafiti (D. Silverman; 2005).
Hata hivyo, baadhi ya matokeo ya data hayakukubalika kuwa sehemu ya ripoti hii
kwa sababu yalionekana kuwa ama siyo sehemu ya malengo ya utafiti huu, au
yalikuwa na dalili ya udanganyifu, na kadhalika. Mbinu ya uchambuzi fafanuzi
imetumika kwa sehemu kubwa katika uchambuzi na uwasilishaji wa matokeo ya
utafiti.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<h1 style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">3. 9 Hitimisho</span></h1>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Sura
hii ni daraja muhimu katika utafiti na matokeo ya utafiti huu. Hivyo basi, nidhamu
ya hali ya juu dhidi ya mbinu na vifaa vya utafiti haikuwa budi kuzingatiwa na
mtafiti ili lengo la msingi lipate kufikiwa. Ilitazamiwa kwamba mtafiti
atatumia miongozo mbalimbali iliyopambanuliwa katika sura hii, pamoja na sura
za awali kusudi asitoke ndani ya wigo wa utafiti huu.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<h1 align="center" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">SURA YA NNE</span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></h1>
<h1 align="center" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">UWASILISHAJI, UCHAMBUZI NA MJADALA KUHUSU DATA</span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></h1>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<h1 style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">4.1 Utangulizi</span></h1>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Sura
ya nne ni matokeo ya utafiti uliofanyika kwenye shule mbili za sekondari katika
Wilaya ya Bunda, Mkoa wa Mara. Shule hizo ni: Shule ya Sekondari Elly’s, na Shule
ya Sekondari Ikizu. Sura hii inajumuisha uwasilishaji, uchambuzi na mjadala wa
data zilizopatikana kwa kuzingatia malengo ya jumla, na malengo mahususi
yaliyoongoza utafiti wa andiko hili.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<h1 style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">4. 2 Hoja ya Uchambuzi</span></h1>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Malengo
ya utafiti huu yalijikita katika (i) Kubainisha sababu zinazofanya nadharia za
uhakiki kutokuwemo katika Muhtasari wa Kiswahili shule za sekondari, (ii) Kuchunguza
namna nadharia za uhakiki wa fasihi ya Kiswahili zinavyofundishwa katika shule
za sekondari, na (iii) Kueleza uhusiano uliopo kati ya nadharia za uhakiki wa
fasihi ya Kiswahili na uwezo wa mwanafunzi kujitegemea kivitendo katika
majukumu kadha wa kadha anayopewa ndani na nje ya darasa. Malengo haya ndiyo
yaliyopewa uzito kwani lengo kuu la utafiti huu ni kujenga taswira kwa wanazuoni
mbalimbali hasa wa Fasihi ya Kiswahili kuona umuhimu wa kujikita katika kuandaa
wataalamu hususani walimu, kuwa walimu wa fasihi na siyo walimu wa walimu wa
fasihi. Yaani, kozi za ualimu ziandae walimu wa walimu wa fasihi – mbinu za
ufundishaji, ilhali zile za fasihi, pamoja na zile za ualimu na fasihi ziandae
walimu wa fasihi – nadharia na makandokando yake. Mazingira ya mfumo uliopo
vyuoni unaelekea kuegemea zaidi katika uandaaji wa walimu wa walimu wa fasihi,
huku “ukisahau” hitaji la kuwepo kwa walimu wa fasihi ambao ndiyo chemchem ya
wataalamu stadi na weledi wa fasihi ya Kiswahili.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Ushahidi
kutoka vyuo mbalimbali vyenye kozi ya fasihi unaonyesha kuwa kozi hii
huchaguliwa na kusomwa na wanafunzi wachache. Hii inatokana na ukweli kuwa kozi
hii imejikita zaidi katika nadharia na utumizi wa nadharia hizo katika miktadha
mbalimbali ya kifasihi na kimaisha, kitu ambacho wanafunzi hawana msingi nacho
toka sekondari aghalabu kidato cha tatu, kidato ambacho shughuli za uhakiki wa
kazi za fasihi huanza. Jambo linalowafanya waiogope na hatimaye kutokuichagua
kabisa, au pindi wanapoichagua, baadhi yao hushindwa kuimudu vilivyo kozi hii,
kama ilivyojidhihirisha katika andiko la F. E. M. K. Senkoro (1988), na F. J. Masatu
(2009).</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Katika
kufanikisha malengo haya, jumla ya mtaalamu mmoja (01) kutoka Taasisi ya Elimu
Tanzania, wanafunzi 20, na walimu wanne (04) walihusika. Wajibu hojaji/ jaribio
la utafiti hawa wote waliombwa kushiriki kwa hiari; hakuna aliyelazimishwa na
mtu yeyote – iwe kutoka shule husika au mtafiti. Sampli jumuishi ilitumika
kuwapata wajibu hojaji/ jaribio la utafiti wanafunzi na walimu, huku sampli
lengwa ikitumika kumpata mjibu hojaji kutoka Taasisi ya Elimu Tanzania.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Ukusanyaji
data kwa jumla, ulifanyika ndani ya miezi mitatu kupitia hojaji kwa wajibu
hojaji/ jaribio la utafiti wote 25, njia ambayo ilitumika kabla ya jaribio kwa
wanafunzi, na uchunguzi wa vitendea kazi vya wanafunzi na walimu, kwa mfano
mtihani wa taifa Kiswahili karatasi ya Pili, Muhtasari wa Kiswahili, mihtasari
ya maandiko mbalimbali ya mwalimu na mwanafunzi wa somo la fasihi ya Kiswahili,
azimio la somo, vitabu vinavyotumika, na namna somo linavyofundishwa darasani.
Nadharia - dira katika utafiti huu ilikuwa ni mafunzo - linganishi. Nadharia
zilizofundishwa katika darasa dhibitiwa ni U - Marx na Umbuji wa Kirusi. Masuala
ya mafao ya utafiti yalizingatiwa katika hatua zote za utafiti na uandishi wa
ripoti ili kutoa sura halisi ya kile kinachoendelea katika elimu na fasihi
mashuleni, Tanzania.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Uwasilishaji,
uchambuzi, na mijadala kuhusu data umejikita zaidi katika uchambuzi fafanuzi.
Uteuzi wa mbinu hii unasaidia kujibu maswali ambayo uchambuzi numerali hauwezi
kuyajibu. Hii ndiyo kusema, mbinu hii hujaribu kwenda mbali zaidi katika
kujenga taswira ya chanzo hasa cha jambo linalohusisha mazingira, halisi, na
yasiyo halisi – ya kufikirika, ya kuhisi, na kadhalika.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Aidha,
mjadala huu umeyawasilisha matokeo kwa kuyagawa katika maeneo makuu mawili:
matokeo ya hojaji na uchunguzi, na matokeo ya jaribio la utafiti. Nukuu, ujenzi
na utanuzi wa tafsiri za data vimezingatiwa huku baadhi yavyo vikitumika;
lakini vikiwa vimepitia kwenye chujio la masuala ya mafao ya utafiti. Kwa
jumla, uwasilishaji, uchambuzi, na mjadala kuhusu data umeongozwa na malengo
mahususi ya utafiti na nadharia husika ya utafiti.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Uwasilishaji
umeanza na malengo mahususi ya utafiti kwa kuyafungamanisha na matokeo ya
hojaji, na uchunguzi, kisha kukamilisha mijadala ya sura hii kwa kujadili
kipekee matokeo ya jaribio. Lengo la kutenganishwa mijadala ya matokeo ya hojaji
na uchunguzi kwa pamoja, na matokeo ya jaribio peke yake ni kupata mawanda
mapana ya mitazamo ya wajibu hojaji/ jaribio la utafiti na utendaji wao katika
majukumu mbalimbali ndani na nje ya darasa. Hoja hii inatokana na ukweli kuwa,
(i) njia tatu zilitumika kukusanya data – hojaji, uchunguzi, na jaribio vimetoa
majibu yanayokinzana lakini yenye kukamilishana kimantiki. Kwa hali hii, kuyaunganisha
matokeo kunaweza kuathiri uwasilishaji wa matokeo kwa kuyaminya baadhi, pia
tafsiri zake. Jambo linaloweza kusababisha mkanganyiko miongoni mwa wasomaji wa
tasnifu hii. (ii) Aidha, wakati mwingine katika maisha mitazamo na kile
wanachokisema watu huweza kutofautiana na matendo yao.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<h1 style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">4.
3 Uwasilishaji, Uchambuzi, na Mjadala kuhusu Data</span></h1>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<h1 style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">4.
3. 1. 0 Matokeo ya Hojaji na Uchunguzi</span></h1>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<h2 style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -45.0pt;">
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">4. 3.
1. 1 Sababu Zinazofanya Nadharia za Uhakiki Kutokuwemo katika Muhtasari wa
Kiswahili Shule za Sekondari</span></h2>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Tathmini
ya kubainisha sababu za kwa nini nadharia za uhakiki wa fasihi hazimo katika
muhtasari wa Kiswahili, shule za sekondari ilifanyika kwa njia ya hojaji
kupitia wajibu hojaji walimu, na mtaalamu toka Taasisi ya Elimu Tanzania.
Uteuzi wao umezingatia zaidi uzoefu wa pande hizi mbili, ambapo Taasisi ya
Elimu Tanzania ndiwo wanaofanya kazi ya kusimamia, kutafiti, kutathmini,
kutunga, na kuboresha mitaala na njia za ufundishaji kuanzia ngazi ya elimu ya
awali hadi vyuo ya kati hususani elimu ya ualimu - ngazi ya cheti na
stashahada. Kwa upande mwingine, walimu ndiwo watekelezaji wa sera mbalimbali
za elimu katika vituo vyao vya kazi. Kwa msingi huu, walimu ndiwo kiini cha
mrejesho wa yote yanayotakiwa kutekelezwa mashuleni na vyuoni.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Tofauti
na ilivyokuwa kwa walimu, mtafiti hakuweza kuonana ana kwa ana na mtaalamu
kutoka Taasisi ya Elimu Tanzania kutokana na kilichoelezwa kuwa alikuwa kwenye
utafiti, na uandaaji wa bajeti. Hali hii ilimfanya mtafiti kutumia mawasiliano
ya barua pepe na simu ya kiganjani ili kufanikisha upatikanaji wa maoni kutoka
taasisi hii.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Matokeo
kuhusiana na kipengele hiki yanaonyesha kuwepo kwa tatizo la kimawasiliano kati
ya Taasisi ya Elimu Tanzania na walimu mashuleni ijapokuwa taasisi “inalipinga.”
Kwa mujibu wa taasisi, wadau mbalimbali wa elimu hushirikishwa na kushiriki
kikamilifu katika hatua mbalimbali za uboreshaji wa elimu. Wadau wanaotajwa
kushirikishwa na kushiriki ni pamoja na: Baraza la Mitihani la Taifa - Tanzania,
watunga sera, walimu hususani walioko mashuleni wakifundisha, na wakaguzi wa
elimu. Aidha, taasisi hupokea, hutathmini, huthamini na kuzingatia ushauri na
mapendekezo kutoka kwa wadau mbalimbali, hivyo “…endapo kuna kipengele hakimo
katika muhtasari ni ama hakipaswi kuwekwa katika ngazi husika ya kitaaluma au
bado kinajadiliwa ili kuona uwezekano wa kukiingiza au la.” Hii inamaanisha
kuwa, hata suala la nadharia za uhakiki linafanyiwa kazi kisayansi bila shaka. Mtaalamu
huyu anazidi kufafanua kwamba, kilichomo kwenye muhtasari wa sekondari
kinatosheleza mahitaji ya sasa kwani tatizo lipo katika njia za kufundishia na
kujifunzia, kama anavyosema:</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: .75in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">…kwa
sasa njia shirikishi ndiyo inayopigiwa chepuo zaidi, na mwalimu hafungwi na
muhtasari kufundisha kitu anachohisi kina tija kwa wanafunzi…. Tena kwa kufanya
hivi, mwalimu kama mtekelezaji wa sera na miongozo mbalimbali ya elimu atakuwa
ameturahisishia kazi ya tathmini….. Tunachoweza kusema kwa sasa ni kwamba,
tatizo si kutokufundishwa nadharia bali namna gani somo hili linafundishwa hata
kufikia malengo yaliyowekwa na Wizara pia jamii ya Watanzania…. Nadhani hili
ndilo tatizo hasa…. Lakini tafiti zitabainisha…, hata sasa tuko kwenye utafiti…
(Hojaji kwa Walimu/ Mtaalamu Taasisi ya Elimu Tanzania).</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Pamoja
na maelezo haya, bado mtaalamu huyu hakuweza kuthibitisha endapo pana tafiti
zilizofanyika au zinazofanyika ili kuhalalisha hoja ya kujitosheleza kwa
mihtasari ya Kiswahili, sekondari. Kauli ya kutokumfungia mwalimu katika
muhtasari ni njema na inahamasisha ubunifu kwa walimu. Hata hivyo, uhuru kwa
mwalimu ni sharti uwe na mipaka maana anaweza kufundisha chini au juu ya
kiwango cha maarifa kwa wanafunzi husika (G. Ruhumbika; 2006). Aidha, kwa jinsi
mazingira ya elimu yalivyo katika shule nyingi nchini Tanzania, pana hatari ya
kuwepo pengo kubwa la kimaarifa miongoni mwa walimu na wanafunzi.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Mathalani,
shule nyingi zina upungufu wa vitendea kazi ilhali walimu wakikosa mafunzo ya
mara kwa mara yanayoendana na mabadiliko ya nyakati, sera na mitaala. Hali hii
inaweza kusababisha “sitofahamu” miongoni mwa wadau wa elimu, lugha, na fasihi
walimu wa Kiswahili wakiwemo hata wenye “kudhani” kukosekana kwa nadharia za
uhakiki ndiyo tatizo mojawapo la msingi la utegemezi kimtazamo na kiutendaji.
Kwa jumla, hoja za mjibu hojaji kutoka Taasisi ya Elimu Tanzania zina mantiki
kwani kupitia tafiti mbalimbali - za muda mfupi na mrefu kama alivyosisitiza
ndipo kipengele husika kinapoweza kuingizwa au kuondolewa kwenye muhtasari.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Kwa
upande mwingine, walimu wanadhani ni vema kipengele hiki kiingizwe kwenye
muhtasari wa Kiswahili, kidato cha tatu kwani ndiko uhakiki unaanzia. Kwa
mtazamo wao, inakuwa vigumu sana kufundisha jambo ambalo halimo kwenye
muhtasari, maana “hata wanafunzi wenye nakala za mihutasari watakushangaa, na
kukuliza ‘tunasoma ili nini?’” Kwa mtazamo wao, kipengele cha nadharia za
uhakiki hakipewi uzito na Taasisi ya Elimu Tanzania kutokana na sababu
mbalimbali, zikiwemo:</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l41 level2 lfo47; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Usiasa uliokithiri kwenye eneo la kitaaluma.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l41 level2 lfo47; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Watunzi wa mitaala ama kutokuwa wabobevu
katika masomo wanayoyafanyia kazi au walikosa msingi imara katika masomo husika
pindi walipokuwa sekondari, hivyo kutokuliona pengo hili toka mwanzo.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l41 level2 lfo47; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Utegemezi wa kiuchumi unaosababisha
watanzania wakiwemo Taasisi ya Elimu kutokuwa na maamuzi ya mwisho hususani
yanayotoka kwa wadau wa ndani, hasa walimu.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l41 level2 lfo47; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Kuwepo kwa mawasiliano hafifu kati ya
vyuo vya ualimu, sekondari na Taasisi ya Elimu Tanzania, pia Tume ya Vyuo Vikuu.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l41 level2 lfo47; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Kuwepo kwa mfumo wa elimu usio rasmi
“unaoonekana kupendwa sana na wanajamii… mfumo wa kukariri matini na kufaulu
vema mitihani.”</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Hizi
ni baadhi ya sababu (ambazo ni za jumla mno) walizobainisha wajibu hojaji
walimu huku wakitoa mifano kadha wa kadha ama kutokana na uzoefu walio nao au
kutokana na maelezo kutoka kwa baadhi ya walimu waliowahi kushiriki semina,
warsha au vikao vya kutathmini sera na mitaala. Mathalani, mjibu hojaji mwalimu
alihoji “inakuwaje mtaala au kitabu kipitie mikononi mwa wadau mbalimbali wa
elimu na, au lugha halafu kiwe na makosa chungu mbovu?” Katika kuunga mkono
swali hili, mjibu hojaji mwalimu mwingine akatolea mfano wa mwalimu kutoka chuo
cha ualimu aliyehudhuria mara kadhaa warsha za Taasisi ya Elimu Tanzania. Kwa
mujibu wa mwalimu huyo:</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: .75in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">…walijadili
na kuzipitia moduli kwa siku mbili mfululizo huku wakipata muda mfupi wa
kupumzika. Wakaainisha mapungufu lukuki lakini baada ya warsha, mmoja wa
wawakilishi kutoka Wizara ya Elimu na Mafunzo ya Ufundi akamwambia, ‘unajua
tunachokifanya hapa ni kama kukamilisha ratiba tu kwani tayari wazee
wamekwishazipitisha…, na tarehe ya kuanza kuzitumia ishapangwa!’… (Hojaji kwa
Walimu/ Mtaalamu Taasisi ya Elimu Tanzania).</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Pamoja
na walimu kutoka vyuo cha ualimu kutokuwa sehemu ya utafiti, baada ya kukutana
na taarifa hii, mtafiti hakuwa budi kuwatafuta na kuonana na walimu ambao
waliwahi kuhudhuria mara kadhaa warsha za Taasisi ya Elimu Tanzania. Nao bila ajizi
walikiri kukutana na kauli za namna hii kutoka ama kwa wawakilishi wa wizara au
taasisi ya elimu. Hata hivyo, walibainisha kuwa uthibitisho pekee wa yale
wanayoyasema utapatikana tu kupitia mtafiti kuwa sehemu ya watendaji wa wizara
ama taasisi ya elimu au kushiriki makongamano, na warsha mbalimbali za taasisi
hizo kwa sababu nje ya hapo “…. hakuna mtendaji hata mmoja anayeweza
kuthibitisha mambo haya hadharani, hakuna! Unadhani …. Unadhani nani yuko
tayari kibarua chake kiote nyasi? Hii ndiyo Tanzania ndugu yangu!” mmoja wao
alihitimisha maelezo yake.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Hata
hivyo, mtaalamu kutoka Taasisi ya Elimu Tanzania alikana kutokuwepo kwa matukio
ya namna hii ijapokuwa alikubaliana na hoja za ufinyu wa rasilimali fedha na
tatizo la mawasiliano duni kwa baadhi ya wadau. Katika haya mawili mjibu hojaji
kutoka Taasisi ya Elimu Tanzania anasema:</span></div>
</blockquote>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: .75in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">….
Walimu hawasemi ukweli…. Fedha ni tatizo la msingi. Semina hutolewa kila
inapowezekana ingawa wakati mwingine tunawaseminisha walimu na wakaguzi
wachache ili wakawaelimishe wenzao lakini baadhi yao wakifika huko hawatekelezi
maagizo waliyopewa. Hata hivyo, semina na mafunzo yametolewa kwa shule za msingi
karibu nchi nzima. Kwa sekondari mfano kanda ya ziwa, tayari Mwanza
tumetekeleza hili…. Fedha ikipatikana tutaendelea na maeneo yaliyobaki.</span></div>
</blockquote>
</div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Kwa
jumla, sababu zilizotolewa na wadau hawa zinaweza kuthibitishwa kisayansi kwa
tafiti za kina zaidi. Kwa vile utafiti una kipengele cha jaribio, bila shaka
kitaweza kutoa picha kamili kama nadharia za uhakiki zinapaswa kuingizwa au
kutokuingizwa kwenye muhtasari wa Kiswahili, sekondari.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<h1 style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.75in;">
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">4. 3. 1. 2 Ufundishwaji
wa Nadharia za Uhakiki wa Fasihi ya Kiswahili Katika Shule za Sekondari Nchini
Tanzania</span></h1>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Tathmini
ya namna mada hii inavyofundishwa katika shule za sekondari nchini Tanzania
ilianza kwa kuwahoji (kupitia hojaji) mtaalamu kutoka Taasisi ya Elimu
Tanzania, wanafunzi, na walimu wajibu hojaji/ jaribio la utafiti wapatao 25
(Taasisi ya Elimu Tanzania mmoja, Wanafunzi ishirini, na Walimu wanne) ili
kujua iwapo mada hii hufundishwa mashuleni ama la. Katika kulijibu swali
lihusianalo na kipengele hiki, jumla ya wajibu hojaji 24, sawa na asilimia 96
walijibu <b>Ndiyo, </b>ilhali mjibu hojaji mmoja sawa na asilimia nne akijibu <b>Hapana</b>.
Hata hivyo, jibu la <b>Ndiyo</b> linatofautiana na majibu ambayo wajibu hojaji/
jaribio la utafiti waliyatoa walipotakiwa kubainisha endapo wamewahi kuzisikia
nadharia zozote za uhakiki wa fasihi ya Kiswahili kama vile U - Marx, Umbuji,
na Ufeministi. Mchanganuo wa majibu ulikuwa kama ifuatavyo:</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo38; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">i.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Wajibu hojaji wataalamu wa Kiswahili, yaani
walimu wanne na mtaalamu kutoka Taasisi ya Elimu Tanzania walisema wanazijua
kwani wamejifunza chuoni.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo38; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ii.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Wanafunzi watano kati ya 20, sawa na
asilimia 25 ya wajibu hojaji wanafunzi wote walisema wamewahi kusikia U - Marx
tu, ambao kwa maelezo yao “ni nadharia ya mwanafilosofia (mwanafalsafa) Karl
Max juu ya fasihi na jamii.” Lakini, kwa mawazo yao, wakadhani pia dhana ya Umbuji
na Ufeministi ni dhana za nadharia ya uhakiki, kama wasemavyo baadhi ya wajibu
hojaji/ jaribio la utafiti hawa “niliusikia U - Marx darasani. Umbuji na
Ufeministi sijawahi kuzisikia ila nadhani nazo ni sehemu ya nadharia za
uhakiki…. Nahisi hivyo!”</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo38; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">iii.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Wanafunzi wajibu hojaji/ jaribio la
utafiti 15 kati ya 20 walisema hawajawahi kuzisikia ijapokuwa walijaribu
kuonyesha nini wanachofikiri kuhusiana na dhana hizo, kama walivyotakiwa
kufanya. Yafuatayo ni baadhi ya mawazo ya wajibu hojaji/ jaribio la utafiti
hawa kulingana na kile wanachodhani kuhusiana na dhana hizi:</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo23; tab-stops: list 1.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Wajibu hojaji/ jaribio la utafiti wanne,
sawa na asilimia 26.66 ya wanafunzi wajibu hojaji/ jaribio la utafiti 15,
walisema hawazijui na hawajawahi kuzisikia mahali popote pale. Lakini kwa mawazo
yao, wanadhani ni dhana zisizo sanifu, “nadhani ni maneno ya mkopo
yaliyotoholewa toka lugha zingine kwani si maneno sanifu ya Kiswahili mfano, U –
Ma<u>rx</u> muundo ‘- rx’ si muundo wa maneno ya Kiswahili; hatuna mfumo huu wa
maandishi katika Kiswahili. Ila nadhani yanaeleweka zaidi hasa kwa watumiaji wa
lugha husika,” mmoja wao alisema.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo23; tab-stops: list 1.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Wajibu hojaji/ jaribio la utafiti sita
kati ya 15, sawa na asilimia 40 walikiri kutokuzifahamu na kwamba hawajawahi
kuzisikia popote zikitajwa ila kwa fikra zao, wanahisi kuwa zinaweza kuwa ni
nadharia za uhakiki, kama asemavyo mjibu hojaji/ jaribio la utafiti huyu,
“nadhani hizi ni uhakiki. Nadhani ni dhana mbalimbali zinazohusu nadharia ya
uhakiki. Nadhani hivyo, ila sina uhakika kama niko sahihi.”</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo23; tab-stops: list 1.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Wajibu hojaji/ jaribio la utafiti wawili
kati ya 15 sawa na asilimilia 13.33 wanakiri kutokuzijua kabisa na hawawezi
kufikiria ni vitu gani, kama asemavyo huyu “sijui ni nini maana sijazisikia
kabisaaa.”</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo23; tab-stops: list 1.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Wajibu hojaji/ jaribio la utafiti watatu
kati ya 15 sawa na asilimia 20 wanasema kuwa hawajawahi kuzisikia dhana hizi na
walikuwa na yao ya kusema. Mfano, mmojawao anasema:</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .25in; margin-left: 117.35pt; margin-right: 31.7pt; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">kitu
cha muhimu ni kufanya upembuzi wa kiyakinifu ili kuweza kutambua kama nadharia
ya uhakiki inahusika na dhana hizi. Kwa ujumla, Umarx, Umbuji, na Ufeministi sijawahi
kuzisikia… nadharia ya uhakiki hufanya mtu/ jamii kufahamu hasa nadharia hii. Hivyo
ni muhimu kujifunza kwa undani nadharia hii (Hojaji kwa Wanafunzi).</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Majibu
haya yanatoa picha kuu mbili tofauti. Picha ya kwanza ni ile yenye kujenga
fasili kuwa inaelekea wanafunzi wajibu hojaji/ jaribio la utafiti walio wengi
hawajui nadharia za uhakiki ni kitu gani hasa, ingawa wanakiri kuisoma. Swali
la msingi liliwataka wataje nadharia za uhakiki wanazozisoma darasani.
Kinachojitokeza hapa ni kwamba, inaelekea wanachanganya vitu viwili: nadharia
ya/ za uhakiki na dhana ya uhakiki. Picha hii imejitokeza hata katika swali
lililowataka watoe tafsiri ya nadharia ya uhakiki. Asilimia kubwa walitoa
majibu yanayoelekea kufanana. Majibu yaliyokuwa yakijibu swali “walilolitunga
wao;” <i>Uhakiki ni nini?</i> ambapo wengi walianza na neno “uhakiki ni…”
badala ya <i>nadharia ya uhakiki ni…?</i> Baadhi ya majibu yaliyotolewa ni
pamoja na haya yafuatayo: “…ni uchambuzi na ufafanuzi wa kazi za fasihi ili
zilete ujumbe ambao unaifaa jamii,” “… ni hali ya kuhakiki kazi ya msanii,” “…
ni kitendo cha kusoma kazi yoyote ya fasihi na kuhakiki lengo lililozungumziwa
ili jamii ifahamu.” Majibu haya yanaonyesha umahiri fulani wenye kusadifu uwezo
wao katika kuhusisha hoja na jibu la wao kusoma nadharia ya uhakiki. Jambo
linaloashiria kuwa mada hii haifundishwi katika mawanda yake mapana.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Kwa
Kamusi ya Encarta (2009) <i>nadharia ya uhakiki</i> ni njia au sanaa ya
kuchanganua/ kuchambua, kufasiri, na kuhukumu maudhui, ubora, na mbinu zilizomo
katika matini ya kifasihi. Tafsiri hii inashabihiana na jibu lililotolewa na
mmoja wa wajibu hojaji/ jaribio la utafiti tisa kati ya 20, sawa na asilimia 45
walioweza kutoa maana zinazoelekeana na dhana nzima ya nadharia ya uhakiki,
kauli hiyo ilikuwa “… ni sayansi ya uchambuzi na ufupisho wa kazi ya fasihi
anayotumia mhakiki kuhakiki kazi ya fasihi.”</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Hapa
panajenga swali kidogo; inakuwaje asilimia 45 waielezee dhana ya nadharia ya
uhakiki kiufasaha ilhali asilimia 55 wakichanganya dhana ya uhakiki, na
nadharia ya uhakiki? Je, ni uwezo binafsi wa kuhusisha mambo, ama wanajifunza
darasani au ni jitihada binafsi za wao kuchimba na kuibuka na mambo kutoka
vitabu mbalimbali vya nadharia? Na kama wanajifunza darasani, ina maana wajibu
hojaji/ jaribio la utafiti hawa tisa wana darasa lao tofauti na wenzao 11?
Swali hili linapata ugumu kujibika hasa pale panapotokea hoja kutoka kwa mwalimu
mjibu hojaji kuwa:</span></div>
</blockquote>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 58.7pt; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kwa
namna mada hii inavyofundishwa, na kulingana na uhalisia wa mtaala haimpi
mwanafunzi ule uwezo wa kuchambua na kupembua mwenyewe kazi za wasanii bali hutegemea
yale yaliyohakikiwa tu… (Hojaji kwa Walimu/ Mtaalamu Taasisi ya Elimu Tanzania).</span></div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Hali
hii inaashiria kuwepo kwa tatizo la msingi katika ufahamu wa wajibu hojaji/
jaribio la utafiti wanafunzi kuhusiana na kile wanachokisema kukisoma au kufundishwa
darasani. Hata hivyo, kijumla, uchunguzi wa majibu ya waliosema kuufahamu U -
Marx, huku “wakizihusisha” dhana za Umbuji na Ufeministi na nadharia ya uhakiki
(asilimia 25), na wale waliosema hawajawahi kuzisikia dhana zote ila wanahisi
kuwepo uwezekano wa dhana hizi kuhusiana na nadharia ya uhakiki (asilimia 40),
pamoja na waliosema kuwepo kwa hitaji la kufanyika utafiti wa kina ili kubaini
kama dhana hizi ni sehemu ya nadharia za uhakiki (asilimia 20) kunajenga
asilimia 85 ya wajibu hojaji/ jaribio la utafiti wanafunzi wanaoonyesha
“kufahamu fahamu” nadharia ya uhakiki kwa kiasi fulani ingawa hawaonyeshi
kujiamini, na majibu ya waliosema hawazijui kabisa inathibitisha kuwa mada hii
haifundishwi mashuleni.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Picha
ya pili inayojipambanua vizuri zaidi pindi majibu ya wajibu hojaji/ jaribio la
utafiti yanapohusishwa na Muhtasari wa Kiswahili, kidato cha tano na sita 2009,
maswali ya mtihani wa taifa wa Kiswahili karatasi ya pili kuanzia 2006 hadi
2010, mihtasari ya maandiko ya mwalimu na mwanafunzi wa somo la fasihi ya
Kiswahili, azimio la somo, vitabu vinavyotumika kufundishia fasihi ya
Kiswahili, na namna ya ufundishaji wa nadharia ya uhakiki wa fasihi ya
Kiswahili, pasipo kuwepo shaka, inaonyesha kuwa nadharia za uhakiki si sehemu ya
mada au mada ndogo wanazosoma. Hii ndiyo kusema, nadharia mbalimbali kama vile U
- Marx, Umbuji, Usasa, Usasa leo, Ufeministi na kadhalika, zinazopaswa kujenga
mada ya uhakiki kama ilivyotajwa na wajibu hojaji/ jaribio la utafiti si sehemu
rasmi ya Muhtasari wao, na hivyo, hazifundishwi ila kwa “hisani” ya mwalimu
husika.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Uchunguzi
unaonyesha hazifundishwi kwa uwazi bali hutajwa mfano, U - Marx, Umbuji, Usasa,
na Ufeministi pindi mwalimu anapofafanua jambo linalomsababisha kufika
kuzitamka, yaani ni kama “bahati tu.” Bila shaka wajibu hojaji/ jaribio la
utafiti watano waliosema kuusikia na kuujua U - Marx ni matunda ya walimu wao
kuzisoma chuoni, hivyo “kujikuta” wakizitaja japo kwa nadra. Na huku ndiko
kusema kwamba, kutokana na uzingativu wa wajibu hojaji/ jaribio la utafiti hawa
wawapo darasani wamejijengea utamaduni wa kutokukubali kupitwa na kila
kinachosemwa na walimu wao hata kama ni “kwa bahati mbaya,” bila shaka.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Hoja
hii inafungamana kwa kiasi fulani na kauli za wanafunzi wajibu hojaji/ jaribio
la utafiti 15 (75%) kati ya 20 waliokiri kuwepo kwa upungufu makubwa katika
eneo la mada za kiswahili, vitabu vya fasihi, na walimu wa fasihi
wanapohusianisha na kitendo cha wao kutokuzisikia au kuzifahamu nadharia za
uhakiki. Kwa mfano, kauli zifuatazo zinasawiri tatizo hili, “pana uhaba mkubwa
wa vitendea kazi kama vile vitabu tofauti tofauti vya waandishi tofauti
tofauti…,” “nadharia ifundishwe kwa mapana yake… pawe na wataalamu wengi sana
wenye umahiri sana ili iweze kueleweka zaidi,” “kinachopasa kufanyika ni
kuongeza wataalamu wa nadharia ya uhakiki… na nadharia mbalimbali za vitabu vya
fasihi ziongezwe kwa wanafunzi,” “… waandaliwe vema wataalamu wa fasihi wa
kutosha, wakiwa na mahitaji yote muhimu ya kufundishia kwani walimu wetu
wanatumia kitabu kimoja kufundishia, na katu haongezi wala kupunguza
kilichoandikwa… hii itasaidia kupanua kufikiri kwa wanafunzi,” na “… kufanya
tahakiki mbalimbali na utafiti wa kina, na kuweza kukutana na wataalamu wazuri
na wahakiki mbalimbali wa fasihi .”</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Mawazo
haya ni sehemu ya ushahidi unaothibitisha hoja ya baadhi ya wanazuoni wa fasihi
ya Kiswahili inayotaka hatua za haraka kuchukuliwa “kuinusulu” taaluma ya
fasihi kwani inafundishwa kimafamba mafamba (Haji; 1981). Mathalani,
haiwezekani kwa mwalimu mwenye shahada na amesoma fasihi ya Kiswahili kushindwa
kuzihusisha nadharia katika ufundishaji wake. Hali hii inaweza kuwa
imesababishwa na ama aliandaliwa kuwa mwalimu wa walimu wa fasihi au alizisoma
dhana hizi lakini kutokana na kujifungia katika Muhtasari wa Kiswahili pasipo
kutanua mawanda ya weledi wake amejikuta “akizisahau na kuzitupilia mbali
kabisa” nadharia hizi au ni miongoni mwa wanafunzi ambao hawakuisoma mada ya
nadharia ya uhakiki kiufasaha, na hivyo naye hana weledi nayo. Hili la
kujifungia katika Muhtasari wa Kiswahili linaweza kuwa na mashiko zaidi kwani
walimu wote wanne wamelitaja kuwa moja ya sababu za kutokufundisha rasmi mambo
mengi zaidi zikiwemo dhana mbalimbali za nadharia ya uhakiki. Baadhi ya kauli
zao ni pamoja na hii:</span></div>
</blockquote>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 49.7pt; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Elimu
tuipatayo vyuoni haiendani na kile tunachotakiwa kukitenda darasani.
Ukihangaika na ya nje ya muhtasari, ingawa wakati mwingine hata ya ndani huyapi
kipaumbele… Lakini siyo siri wakati mwingine unaweza kuwavunjia (kufundisha
kiufasaha) wanafunzi madude (maarifa) mazito ili kulinda heshima yako maana
hawa watoto wa karne hii ukiwafundisha tu wanachokijua wakati mwingine
wanaishia kukudharau, na kwa sisi wa shule za binafsi hali huwa mbaya zaidi
kwani unaweza kufukuzwa kazi….</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .25in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 49.7pt; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kwa
jumla, wanafunzi wako, wazazi wao, na uongozi wa shule wanapenda ufaulu wa
kiwango cha juu pasipo kujua kama mwanafunzi ana uwezo wa kutetea ufaulu wake
popote awapo… hata hiyo njia shirikishi utaitekeleza kwa asilimia ndogo tu ….
Ndo maana mwalimu unahangaika kuchambua <i>ma</i>vitabu na kuwakazania watoto
kupitia kwa pamoja mapast paper (mitihani iliyopita) ili kubaini maswali yepi
yanayopendwa zaidi na NECTA (National Examination Council of Tanzania/ Baraza
la Mitihani la Taifa, Tanzania). Huwezi amini wanafunzi wengi wanashindwa
kujibu lile swali la kubaini mbinu za kisanaa…. Na usijeshangaa hata matokeo ya
jaribio lako yakawa hayaonyeshi tofauti kati ya aliyesoma na ambaye hakusoma
nadharia; kikubwa ni NECTA ndugu yangu… (Hojaji kwa Walimu/ Mtaalamu Taasisi ya
Elimu Tanzania).</span></div>
</blockquote>
</div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Hoja
ya mwalimu kufanya uhakiki kwa niaba ya wanafunzi inafafanuliwa vema na E. M.
Songoyi (1990), mwandishi wa tahakiki iitwayo <i>Looking at Language Three</i>.
Tahakiki hii inasadikiwa kuwa miongoni mwa tahakiki maarufu, na ya kipekee
zaidi katika miaka ya 1990, kwa sababu “ilikidhi” kwa hali ya juu hitaji la
mwanafunzi kufaulu mtihani wa fasihi pasipo hata kusoma au kukiona kitabu teule
anachopaswa kukisoma na kukihakiki. Kwa sasa, mwandishi huyu ambaye ni Mkufunzi
Mwandamizi katika Chuo Kikuu cha Dodoma, Idara ya Lugha na Fasihi anakiri kutokukipenda
kitabu hicho kutokana na athari yake kwa jamii.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Hata
hivyo, kwa maelezo yake mwenyewe, kilichosababisha atoe tahakiki hiyo ni
mazingira aliyokutana nayo kwenye ajira aliyoipata mwezi Juni (punde
alipohitimu masomo yake ya shahada ya kwanza) katika shule moja ya Sekondari
Jijini Dar es salaam ambapo alipangiwa kufundisha kidato cha nne, Kiingereza na
Kiswahili ilhali wanafunzi hao hawajawahi kusoma masomo hayo kwa muda wa miaka
miwili huku ikiwa imebaki miezi minne tu wafanye mtihani wa taifa kuhitimu
kidato cha nne. Pamoja na kwamba nadharia ya matendo au pragmatiki ndiyo
iliyokuwa ikipewa mashiko zaidi bado vipengele vya migogoro na ujenzi wa jamii
mpya na endelevu (Umaudhui) ndivyo “vilivyokuwa” roho na uti wa mgongo wa
uhakiki na tahakiki. Mambo haya mawili ndiyo hasa sababu zilizofanya usawiri
finyu wa tasnia ya fasihi na uhakiki.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Tahakiki
ya <i>Looking at Language Three</i> iliandaliwa kwa kusawiri muhtasari na
mitihani ya taifa iliyopita, hivyo kujikita zaidi katika “kujibu swali lolote”
litakalohusu uchambuzi wa vitabu teule vya fasihi, hususani dhamira za msingi za
miaka hiyo – Suala la ujenzi wa jamii mpya kwa kuzingatia siasa ya ujamaa na
kujitegema, falsafa ya maisha, umuhimu wa uongozi bora, na mgogoro au suala la
ushairi hususani wa Kiswahili. Matokeo ya mfumo huu uliwafanya wanafunzi
wajikite katika kulisoma na kulikariri andiko hili na hatimaye wakafaulu “vizuri”
masomo husika, tena kwa kiwango cha juu.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Picha
hii inajipambanua tena kwa maelezo ya M. Msokile (1991: 1) pale mwandishi wa
makala aghalabu utangulizi wa <i>Miongozo ya Lugha na Fasihi</i> anapoeleza
lengo hasa la uandaaji wa matini haya, mfano wa <i>Looking at Language Three</i>.
Mwandishi anasema:</span></div>
</blockquote>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 58.7pt; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mfululizo
huu umebuniwa kutokana na lengo la kuwasaidia wanafunzi wa lugha na fasihi
katika ngazi mbalimbali za taaluma zao, hasa wale wanaojiandaa kwa mitihani ya
taifa….</span></div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Wanazuoni
hawa hawapaswi kulaumiwa kwa hatua walizozichukua katika nyakati zao. Bila
shaka, uamuzi wao ulizingatia mazingira ya wakati huo ili kukidhi “ombwe” la
kiuandishi katika tasnia za uhakiki wa maandiko na fasihi kwa jumla. Kwa baadhi
ya Wanazuoni, wakati huu unaweza kutajwa kuwa wakati muhimu ambao somo la
Kiswahili lilikuwa likipita katika kipindi cha kuimalika – kitaaluma,
kiuhakiki, kifalsafa, na kilugha.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Uthibitisho
makini wa hoja hii ya kutokuwalaumu wanazuoni wa wakati huo inajidhihirisha
tena katika M. Msokile (1991: 1) ambapo tahadhari inatolewa kwa wasomaji wa
matini ya kihakiki yakiwemo makala ya <i>Miongozo ya Lugha na Fasihi,</i> na
mengine kama vile<i> Looking at Language Three</i>. Tahadhari hiyo inasema:</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 49.7pt; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Wakati
wa kusoma miongozo hii, mambo muhimu yanayotakiwa kuzingatia ni pamoja na haya
yafuatayo:</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 49.7pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo38; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">i.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kabla ya kusoma mwongozo wowote ule,
inampasa mwanafunzi asome kwanza kazi ya fasihi inayohusika.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 49.7pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo38; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ii.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kilichoandikwa katika mwongozo wowote
kisichukuliwe kuwa ni sawa na maandiko matakatifu kama vile Quran Tukufu au
Biblia Takatifu. Msomaji una nafasi kukubali au kukataa maoni yaliyomo katika
mwongozo unaohusika.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 49.7pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo38; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">iii.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Msomaji una nafasi ya kutoa uchambuzi na
uhakiki mpana zaidi kuhusu kitabu kilichohakikiwa.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 49.7pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo38; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">iv.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Msomaji ihusishe kazi ya fasihi na
mazingira ambamo watu walioandikiwa wanayaishi. Jifanye kama yanakukuta
utayatatuaje?</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 49.7pt; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mwishoni
mwa mwongozo wowote kuna maswali ambayo yanasaidia kupanua welewa zaidi kwa
mwanafunzi na msomaji wa kawaida. Msomaji aghalabu yuko huru kuijadili kwa
mapana zaidi kazi inayohusika.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Pamoja
na maelekezo haya, bado mwandishi hakubainisha nadharia ya/ za uhakiki i/ zitakayotumika
katika uchambuzi wake uliohusu diwani ya E. Kezilahabi, <i>Karibu Ndani</i>. Utamaduni
wa kutokubainisha kwa wazi aina ya nadharia ya uhakiki itakayotumika kuchambua
kazi ya fasihi umejitokeza katika tahakiki mbalimbali za kifasihi ikiwemo ya M.
Msokile na T. S. Y. Sengo (1987), pia J. A. Masebo na N. Nyangwine (2007). Hata
hivyo, laiti tahadhari hii ingeweza kuwafikia, kusomwa na kuzingatiwa na
wanafunzi wote bila shaka, hali ya kutegemea tahakiki isingekuwepo au ingekuwa
imepungua kwa kiasi kikubwa.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Ushahidi
unaotokana na uchunguzi katika utafiti huu ulibaini kuwa, maandiko mengi ya
miaka ya 1990 kurudi nyuma, yakiwemo ya E. M. Songoyi na M. Msokile ni ama
hayapatikani kirahisi mashuleni au kama yanapatikana ni kwa uchache tena yakiwa
katika hali isiyoridhisha kutokana na matunzo duni. Jambo linalowafanya
wasomaji wengi, hususani wanafunzi kuyapuuza huku baadhi yao wakitoa kauli za
kejeli kama vile “sitaki mafua na TB za kujitakia,” na “<i>yellow notice</i>
hizo, nani asome?” Yaani, haiwezekani mtu kusoma karatasi zilizobadilika rangi kutoka
weupe na kuwa manjano au kahawia. Wasemaji wa kauli hizi kwa kiasi fulani wanasahau
kuwa vya kale ni dhahabu; na tena si vyote ving’avyo ni lulu.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Kimantiki,
mwanafunzi au mwalimu mzuri anapaswa kuwa mbunifu, tena wa hali ya juu. Kwa
mujibu wa mtaalamu toka Taasisi ya Elimu Tanzania hata kama Muhtasari
hauonyeshi kama kunapasa kufundishwa nadharia za uhakiki, lakini uzoefu au
utafiti (hata kama si rasmi) wa mwalimu ukaonyesha kuwapo tatizo la msingi,
pasipo kuchelewa mwalimu anapaswa kuchukua hatua za haraka na stahiki kadri ya
miongozo inayotolewa. Hoja inayoungwa mkono na M. Msokile (1995).</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Kwa
maneno mengine, hitaji la wanafunzi kufaulu vizuri mitihani na changamoto
zingine wanazokutana nazo ndani na nje ya darasa, havitibiwi kwa kuwakaririsha
wanafunzi. Tiba sahihi, pamoja na mambo mengine, mwanafunzi anapaswa kunolewa vema
zaidi katika masomo husika. Na moja ya maeneo yanayopaswa kuwekwa sawa bin sawia
ni eneo la uhakiki kama mmoja wa wajibu hojaji/ jaribio la utafiti anavyotanabaisha
pindi alipoelezea uhusiano wa nadharia na uwezo wa mwanafunzi kujitegemea
kivitendo na kimtazamo:</span></div>
</blockquote>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 58.7pt; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Nadharia
ya uhakiki inachimbua ulimwengu mzima, matatizo, changamoto zinazojitokeza
katika jamii na namna ya kuepukana na matatizo au changamoto hizo mbaya.
Nadharia hujenga msingi wa kupata ujumbe uliozungumzwa… (Hojaji kwa Walimu/
Mtaalamu Taasisi ya Elimu Tanzania).</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Mtazamo
huu unaelekea kuungwa mkono na mjibu hojaji/ jaribio la utafiti mwingine
asemaye:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 58.7pt; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pamoja
na kwamba mada hii haipo, bado naamini ikifundishwa vizuri, na tukapewa mazoezi
mengi na ya kutosha ya kuhakiki kazi mbalimbali kutatusaidia kujitegemea na
kuepa desturi ya kutegemea tahakiki za wahakiki wengine (Hojaji kwa Wanafunzi).</span></div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Suala
hapa si kuepa desturi ya kutegemea tahakiki, bali kuepa desturi ya kuzigeuza
tahakiki kuwa alfa na omega kwa kila akifanyacho mtu.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Tahakiki ni sehemu mojawapo muhimu ya
marejeleo kama yalivyo marejeleo mengine ya kifasihi katika kujenga jamii ya
watu weledi na wenye stadi stahiki katika kuzikabili nyanja za maisha. Kwani
kupitia tahakiki, msomaji anaweza kulinganisha na kulinganua mawazo na kuyatathmini
kwa namna ya pekee sana hata kufikia kujenga hoja yake. Howard Gardner (1982: 261)
anaelekea kuikubali hoja hii kwa kusema:</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .25in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 67.7pt; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">I
take issue with books that purport to teach people to think better – laterally,
generatively, creatively … one can be transformed from what Johnson called “a
harmless drudge” into an individual of superior thinking powers.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 67.7pt; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ninalichukua
jambo kwa kulitathmini kupitia vitabu vinavyolenga kufundisha watu kufikiri
vizuri zaidi – kwa kuleta mabadiliko ya muono wa kimukitadha, kivizazi,
kiubunifu…. Mtu anaweza kubadilishwa kutoka kile Johnson anachokiita “umaamuma
wa stadi za kazi” hadi kuwa mtu mwenye uwezo mkubwa wa kufikiri (Tafsiri ya
mwandishi)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">.</span></div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Hata
suala la wanafunzi kushindwa kujibu vizuri swali la mbinu za kisanaa au usanifu
wa maandishi (Mtihani wa Kiswahili, Taifa, Karatasi ya pili: Sehemu E)
halitakuwa tatizo la msingi mashuleni. Kimsingi, swali hili linajibiwa vema na
Umbuji. Yaani, huwezi kujibu kiufasaha swali la usanifu wa maandishi kama
hutajitajirisha kifasihi kwa kuuzamia Umbuji. Umbuji umejikita zaidi katika
kipengele cha fani, kinachoundwa na zana (i. e nyenzo) mbili - Muundo na
Mtindo. Na ndani ya mtindo ndimo mna kipengele cha mbinu za kisanaa. Huku ndiko
kusema kuwa, utajiri uliomo katika Umbuji kwa fani ya fasihi ya Kiswahili
endapo, na endapo tu utafungamanika na ule uliomo katika Umaudhui, U - Marx
ukiwemo, utazidi kuchochea ubunifu, kujitegemea na weledi wa walaji wa taaluma
ya fasihi ya Kiswahili na taaluma zingine.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Majibu
ya hojaji na mjadala wa juu vinashikamana kwa kiasi kikubwa na matokeo ya
uchunguzi yaliyopatikana katika shule hizi tatu. Uchunguzi umebaini kuwa,
wanafunzi na walimu wanatumia tahakiki moja tu na kitabu kingine kimoja cha
nadharia ya fasihi kwa jumla, ambacho kimegusia kwa ufinyu nadharia za uhakiki;
vyote hivi vikiwa vya mwandishi mmoja. Kinachopewa uzito katika kitabu cha
nadharia ni mada ya fasihi kwa jumla, ambayo ni sehemu mojawapo katika mtihani
wa taifa (Sehemu A). Kwa maneno mengine, wanafunzi wanasomea zaidi mtihani wa
mwisho kuliko kupanua mawanda ya maarifa yao. Ina maana kuwa shule zitaweza
kufundisha na kuzingatia nadharia za uhakiki endapo, na endapo tu kutakuwa na
mada, na swali la nadharia za uhakiki katika Muhtasari na mtihani wa taifa.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Aidha,
uchunguzi umebaini kuwepo kwa matini yasiyojulikana hata waandishi wake ilhali
yakiwa na mawanda finyu ya nadharia za uhakiki wa fasihi. Mathalani, kitini
kimoja kisichokuwa na jina la mhakiki wala mwaka wa uchapishwaji kinataja ya kuwa
<i>Jina la Kitabu </i>ni kipengele kimojawapo cha msingi katika maudhui.
Kimantiki, Jina la Kitabu haliwezi kuwa kipengele cha maudhui kwa sababu, kwa
ufupi, jina la kitabu ni muhtasari wa mambo yaliyomo katika kazi ya fasihi.
Jina la kitabu linaweza kuumbwa au kuteuliwa kutokana na haya yafuatayo:</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo40; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">i.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Jina la Mhusika, aghalabu mhusika mkuu,
kwa mfano <i>Shida, Kinjekitile</i> na <i>Rosa Mistika</i>.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo40; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ii.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Jina la Mandhari, Mazingira au Muktadha
teule, kwa mfano <i>Kisima cha Giningi</i>, <i>Kusadikika, Kufikirika, </i>na <i>Gambushi</i>.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo40; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">iii.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Dhamira au ujumbe, hususani dhamira kuu
au ujumbe mkuu. Kazi nyingi za fasihi ya Kiswahili zimetumia kigezo hiki katika
uteuzi wa majina, kwa mfano <i>Gamba la Nyoka</i>,<i> Kivuli Kinaishi</i>,<i>
Nagona,</i> na <i>Janga Sugu la Wazawa</i>.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo40; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">iv.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Mchanyato wa vigezo ama viwili au vyote
vitatu vya awali, yaani Jina la Mhusika na Dhamira / Ujumbe Mkuu (kwa mfano, <i>Ngoswe
– Penzi Kitovu cha Uzembe, Mashetani,</i> na <i>Pili Pilipili</i>), au Jina la
Mandhari / Mazingira / Muktadha teule na Maudhui / Ujumbe / Mhusika (kwa mfano,
<i>Kwa Heri Iselamagazi</i>, na <i>Jogoo Kijijini na Ngao ya Jadi</i>).</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo40; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Mbinu nyingine, aghalabu sifa za kifani
na kimaudhui, kwa mfano <i>Barua Ndefu Kama Hii</i> na <i>Hawala ya Fedha</i>.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Kwa
kuvichungua vigezo hivi bila shaka, taswira inayopatikana hapa ni ya kwamba
uteuzi wa jina la kitabu unaweza kuwa wa kigezo / vigezo vya kifani pekee ama
vya kimaudhui pekee au vya mchanganyiko. Kwa mtalaa huu, si busara kuweka <i>uteuzi
wa jina la kitabu</i> kama kipengele cha kimaudhui. Kwa mtazamo wangu,
kipengele hiki kijitegemee, yaani kisiwe chini ya fani wala maudhui ijapokuwa
kama pana ulazima wa kukijadili basi kijadiliwe katika namna kinavyoikamilisha
au kinavyoibeba dhana nzima ya mwandishi.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Haya
ndiyo mazingira halisi yanayowakabili wanafunzi walio mashuleni. Upatikanaji wa
matini yasiyo na ubora, lakini yanayopatikana kirahisi na kwa bei nafuu si tu
kunaathiri taaluma ya uhakiki bali pia kunaviza uwezo wa wanafunzi kuchambua,
kutafakari, kuhusianisha, na kuhoji mambo wanayokumbana nayo ndani na nje ya
darasa. Kwa msingi huu, pamoja na hitaji la kuwepo walimu wa Kiswahili, bado
haliepukiki hitaji la kuwapo na kufundishwa kiufasaha nadharia za uhakiki wa fasihi
ya Kiswahili.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Hata
kama shule zitapewa vitabu vya kutosha na kuwa na wataalamu wa nadharia za
uhakiki wa hali ya juu kama walivyopendekeza baadhi ya wajibu hojaji/ jaribio
la utafiti, suala la mada hii kufundishwa au kupewa kipaumbele bado litakuwa
tete kwani inavyoelekea kiini cha mfumo wa upimaji wanafunzi ndicho
kinachowafanya wahusika kutoa au kutokutoa uzito kwa mambo mengi (ikiwemo
nadharia za uhakiki wa fasihi ya Kiswahili) ambayo hayajaainishwa katika
Muhtasari.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Kwa
mfano, asilimia 35 ya wanafunzi wajibu hojaji/ jaribio la utafiti wanaihusisha
nadharia ya uhakiki na fasihi kwa jumla, huku asilimia 50 wakiihusisha na fani
na maudhui, nayo asilimia 15 wakiihusisha na kipengele cha uhakiki na mhakiki.
Bila shaka utofauti huu unatokana na uzito finyu inayopewa mada hii pindi
inapofundishwa au haifundishwi kabisa, au hufundishwa kwa kudonolewa tu. Hili
la udonoaji linaweza kuwa na nafasi kubwa pamoja na lile la uzito finyu.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Uzoefu
alioupata mtafiti katika kipindi chote cha uchunguzi wake unaonyesha kuwa
nadharia za uhakiki kama vile U - Marx na Ufeministi hutamkwa kwa nadra sana
toka vinywani mwa walimu pindi wanapofafanua dhana au jambo linalohusu maudhui,
hasa masuala ya nafasi ya mwanamke na ukombozi. Mfano wa kauli zenye kutaja
nadharia za uhakiki ni pamoja na hii:</span></div>
</blockquote>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 58.7pt; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">….
lazima mjue kuwa suala la ukombozi hasa wenye kulenga matabaka, usawa, haki,
umoja na mshikamano ni mambo yaliyosisitizwa na Karl Marx…. Siku hizi jamii
nayo wamekuja na hoja ya kumnyanyua mwanamke. Bila kumjadili mwanamke katika
muktadha wa kumpetipeti huku ukimburuza kizushi mwanamme, nakwambia utaambulia
alama kichele, shauri yenu….! Mi simo (Uchunguzi wa Mtafiti).</span></div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Katika
muktadha huu, wanafunzi wadadisi wangeliweza kumuuliza mwalimu kuhusu Karl Marx
na kwa nini jamii ijadili au izungumzie nafasi ya mwanamke katika jamii. Lakini
pia, kwa wanafunzi wadadisi wangelikwenda kutafuta vitabu ili kuyajua haya kwa
undani zaidi, jambo ambalo halikufanyika. Badala yake waliishia kucheka na
kutaniana; waliona ni mzaha. Inaelekea kwa wao, hoja ya mwalimu ilikuwa
kuwatahadharisha dhiki ya ujenzi mbovu wa hoja na vitu gani wanavyopaswa
kuvizingatia katika kujibu maswali ya fasihi na uhakiki. Kwa mujibu wa K.
Daniel (1997: 478) na J. S. Madumulla (2006) jadi ya kujituma katika uga wa
taaluma unamsaidia msomaji au mtaalamu kuchuja mambo na kuyafanyia kazi kwa
mawanda mapana zaidi. Huku ndiko kusema kwamba, udadisi wa mambo, mathalani kwa
njia ya kujifunza kupitia usomaji, humfanya mtu kutobaki maamuma. Kauli hii
inashabihiana na mafundisho ya kidini yasemayo, “mtu yeyote anapoingia kwa
kumaanisha katika ulimwengu wa kumjua Mungu, hakika hatobaki kama alivyoingia.”
Hoja hii inaungwa mkono na <i>The World Book</i> (1986: 16, 112) wanaposema:</span></div>
</blockquote>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .25in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 67.7pt; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">…
some of the materials will not coincide with what you are studying in a
particular class. But, you can use the lists to get ideas that can be applied
to other topics that you are studying. Use them as springboards for your own
thinking … the more you write, the better your writing skills will become ….</span></div>
</blockquote>
</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 67.7pt; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">….
Baadhi ya matini hayatukizi kile unachokisoma katika darasa husika. Lakini
utayatumia kupata na kutanua wazo au mawazo utakayoyafanyia kazi katika mada/
miktadha mingine ya kujifunza kwako. Katu usiyapuuze matini haya hata kidogo;
yatumie kama mihimili ya kujenga stadi za kufikiri kwako…. Kadri unavyoandika,
ndivyo unavyojenga stadi bora ya uandishi… (Tafsiri ya mwandishi)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">.</span></div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Hoja
wanayoitoa <i>The World Book</i> inaihamasisha jamii kuukumbuka usemi wa
wahenga usemao, “jambo usilolijua ni kama usiku wa kiza kinene.” Kupuuza kitu
ni hatari sana katika hatua yoyote ile ya mapambano dhidi ya kufikia kilele cha
ndoto za mafanikio. Wapo wanazuoni wanaoamini kuwa kusoma ni vita kali, tena
isiyo na mwisho. Bila shaka ndiyo uliokuwa mtazamo wa baba wa taifa, hayati
Mwalimu Julius Kambarage Nyerere, ambaye aliuita ujinga kuwa adui mmojawapo wa
maadui wakuu wa taifa la Tanzania </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">(S. N. Nyirenda, & A. G. M. Ishumi; 2007)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">.
Kama hivi ndivyo, kauli ya kujikita katika kusomea mtihani ni kidonda
kinachohitaji tiba mahususi, tena ya dharura. Narudia kusema, mwanafunzi kusoma
mambo kadha wa kadha yaliyomo ndani na nje ya Muhtasari kiufasaha katu hakuwezi
kumfanya ashindwe mtihani. Kinachosababisha ashindwe ni pamoja na: utegemezi wa
tahakiki hasa ya aina moja, uhaba wa vitendea kazi bora, na uhaba wa wataalamu weledi
katika mengi.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Uchunguzi
ulishuhudia pia vipindi vya somo la Kiswahili, Karatasi ya Pili vikitawaliwa na
uwasilishaji wa kazi na mijadala kama njia kuu ya ufundishaji. Kwa sehemu kubwa
mfumo huu ulilichangamsha somo. Hata hivyo, baadhi ya wajibu hojaji/ jaribio la
utafiti walizitegemea tahakiki kwa asilimia miamoja. Yaani, uwasilishaji wao
ama kwa maandishi au maelezo ulibeba neno kwa neno kutoka tahakiki
inayotegemewa katika kujifunza kwao. Katika taaluma ya Komputa, tungeweza
kusema kuwa wajibu hojaji/ jaribio la utafiti hawa walifanya kazi ya kunakili
au kukata andiko kisha kulibandika kwingine, jambo ambalo halikuweza kupingwa wala
kukemewa na ama wanafunzi wenyewe au mwalimu wa somo.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Katika
kulitafutia ufumbuzi suala hili, majibu yafuatayo yalitoka kwa baadhi ya wanafunzi
wajibu hojaji/ jaribio la utafiti: “sasa kaka, we unadhani tungefanyaje?
Ukiwaning’iniza leo labda we usije wasilisha milele maana siku hiyo
patachimbika…,” “… mwalimu mwenyewe huwa anaona lakini hunyamaza, sasa siye
tufanyeje?” na “si kwamba hatujui kuwa haturuhusiwi kunakiri ila watu ni
wabishi wabishi (<i>anasita kidogo, kisha anashusha pumzi nzito</i>)! Hawataki
sikia; mbona mwalimu husema sana tu!” Hoja ya tatu inashabihiana na kauli ya
mwalimu aliyesema:</span></div>
</blockquote>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .25in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 59.05pt; margin-top: 12.0pt; tab-stops: 6.0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Unajua watoto wa siku hizi hawasikii. Tunapiga
kelele sana kila kukicha lakini wapi. Kilichobaki ni kujikalia na kubaki
mtazamaji tu, ufanye nini sasa? Anayekusikia unakwenda naye. Asiyekusikia
unafunika kombe mwanaharamu anapita… wazazi wao na serikali wapo watawafundisha
labda watawasikia hao. Si wajua asiyefunzwa na mamaye hufunzwa na ulimwengu?
(Uchunguzi).</span></div>
</blockquote>
</div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Kinachojitokeza
katika majibu haya ni kuwapo kwa tatizo la kinidhamu na kitaaluma kwa baadhi ya
wanafunzi, hivyo kuathiri ushirikiano na mawasiliano chanya miongoni mwao, pia
kwa walimu wanaowafundisha. Jambo linaloashirikia kwamba baadhi ya walimu
wamekata tamaa na hawajui nini cha kufanya juu ya mapungufu yanayoendelea
madarasani. Kwa upande mwingine, inavyoelekea, suala la mijadala kwa baadhi ya
wanafunzi ni ufahari au suala la kialama zaidi. Yaani, baadhi ya wanafunzi
hawajiamini wala kujisimamia katika maamuzi na ujenzi wa hoja hivyo “kutegemea
huruma” kutoka kwa wenzao ili uwasilishaji wao usionekane kuwa duni. Hawa daima
si ajabu kuwakuta wakitegemea hisani kuishi, kama alivyotanabaisha huyu, “sasa
kaka, we unadhani tungefanyaje? Ukiwaning’inia leo labda we usije wasilisha
milele maana mkitoka nje au siku yako ikifika patachimbika….”</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Kimantiki,
mtu anayejiamini, tena mweledi katika ujenzi wa hoja na stadi za maisha katu
hawezi kuogopa changamoto zinazomkabili ndani na nje ya darasa; atajipanga vema
kuzikabili. Kwa mujibu wa baadhi ya wanasosholojia na wanasaikolojia, mtu
kujiandaa ni jambo lisilopingika kwani humsaidia kujiamini, na hivyo kupunguza
kama siyo kuondoa hofu au shinikizo la kiafya na kadhalika ijapokuwa, haipaswi
pia kujiamini kupita kiasi.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Utamaduni
wa “changu kuwa bora zaidi, tena chenye ukamilifu mkamilifu, hivyo hakipaswi
kupingwa au kurekebishwa na mtu,” ni hatari katika nyuga zote za kiafya,
kimaadili, kiuongozi, kitaaluma na kadhalika. Tatizo hili la wanafunzi
kuogopana, bila shaka linatokana na ama uelewa duni wa wanafunzi dhidi ya haki,
wajibu na misingi ya kuwepo kwao shuleni kama wanafunzi au ni tatizo la
kinidhamu, vivyo hivyo kwa mwalimu. Kwani uwasilishaji wa kazi mbele ya darasa
huambatana na kuuliza na kufafanua hoja kwa mantiki ya kujenga uwezo wa
kujisimamia, kujenga hoja bora, kuelimishana na kupanuana kifikra.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Katika
hili, mfumo wa elimu na ufundishaji havina budi kujenga mawasiliano chanya
miongoni mwa wanafunzi wenyewe, na wanafunzi na walimu. Na moja ya njia za
kujenga mawasiliano hayo ni kutoa semina elekezi ikifuatiwa na mazoezi
mbalimbali ya kimijadala kabla somo lengwa halijaanza kufundishwa rasmi. Huku
kutasaidia wanamjadala kutambua majukumu yao kama wanafunzi, wataalamu, wazazi
au walezi tarajari kwa maisha yao binafsi, familia zao, jamii zao, na taifa lao
kwa jumla. Kwa kuyajua haya, bila shaka hawataogopa kuhoji au kushiriki
kikamilifu katika mijadala kwa sababu tu, “siku nitakayowasilisha nisije kupata
wakati mgumu kutetea hoja zangu.” Katika kuliona hili F. E. M. Senkoro (1988: 3)
anashauri:</span></div>
</blockquote>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 58.7pt; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 423.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">...
kuwepo kwa makundi… usijekuwa uhasima kati ya wahakiki na wahakiki, au wahakiki
na wasanii, bali wanahitaji kufikiria maendeleo yao na ya jamii yao katika
muktadha halisi wa jamii zao.</span></div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 4.8pt; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Hoja hii
inaturejeleza katika kuyachungua maisha kwa kuzingatia misingi na hatima ya
jamii inayotegemea faida ya kusoma na kusomesha. Kukata tamaa kwa mwalimu na
mwanafunzi waliotoa kauli ya kutokujali kile kinachoendelea darasani, kwa fikra
finyu na majibu mepesi ni kuwa mwalimu ameshindwa kulimudu darasa. Lakini
kitathmini, hii si ishara ya mwalimu kushindwa bali ni kushindwa kwa taifa zima
kuzikabili changamoto za elimu, kwani kidole kimoja hakiwezi kuvunja chawa.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Kwa
mujibu wa tafiti mbalimbali zilizo na zisizo rasmi, inaelekea kuwa matokeo
mbalimbali ya mitihani ya taifa<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>kwa
baadhi ya nyakati na watu, hayaonyeshi uhusiano wa moja kwa moja kati ya uwezo
wa mwanafunzi darasani (katika maendeleo yake ya kila siku shuleni – mazoezi na
mitihani) dhidi ya ufaulu wake katika mtihani wa taifa. Huku ndiko kusema, mtu
asishangae hata kwa hawa wanaokata au kunakili tahakiki kuona wakifaulu, tena
ufaulu wa kishindo. Kwani hakuna tahadhari inayochukuliwa na Baraza la Mitihani
la Taifa kudhibiti utamaduni wa kuhamisha hoja kiwizi. Kwa Baraza, wizi kwao
unaelekea kuwa ni ule wa kuiba na kuandaa majibu ya mtihani uliotungwa na
kuandaliwa kufanyika katika wakati uliopangwa. Hivyo, wizi wa matini bila shaka
si wizi kwao. Na hii inaweza kuwa moja ya sababu zinazosababisha baadhi ya
wanafunzi kuendelea kukariri na kucheua jambo/ mambo kama lilivyo/ yalivyo.
Hawataki taabu; Hawataki shida. Wanachotaka ni kufikia malengo yao, hata kama
njia watakazozitumia zitafanikiwa au la.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Hata
hivyo, bado pana changamoto ya vitendea kazi vya kutosha na vyenye ubora.
Uchunguzi ulibaini kuwepo kwa kitabu kimoja cha tahakiki, na kimoja cha
nadharia; vyote vikiwa vya mwandishi mmoja. Vitabu hivi ndivyo vinavyotumika
katika shule zote tatu – kwa walimu na wanafunzi. Hali hii inajenga wasiwasi
katika kumwandaa mwanafunzi na mtaalamu wa fasihi ya Kiswahili kikamilifu.
Kwani, endapo mwalimu ni mdau au muumini wa kitabu hicho bila shaka,
atawaambukiza wanafunzi imani hiyo hata kuwafanya wafikiri kuwa mwandishi
husika ndiye mpishi bora na wa mfano katika uga wa fasihi ya Kiswahili. Na huku
kunaua uwezo wa kulinganisha na kulinganua mambo kwa ustadi mkubwa.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Ushahidi
unaojitokeza katika majibu yaliyotolewa na wanafunzi wajibu hojaji/ jaribio la
utafiti 20, unaonyesha kuwa jumla ya wajibu hojaji/ jaribio la utafiti 18, sawa
na asilimia 90 waliitaja tahakiki ya J. A. Masebo na N. Nyangwine (2008) kuwa
tahakiki na kitabu tegemeo kwa wao kujifunza na kurejelea hoja. Jambo ambalo si
baya! Ubaya ni athari wanazoweza kuzipata kupitia hoja na maelekezo kutoka kwa
waandishi hawa. Majibu mengine yalikuwa kama ifuatavyo:</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l29 level1 lfo41; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">i.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kiswahili II: kidato cha 5 na 6</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
kilichoandikwa na JPD Company General Ltd. (5%).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l29 level1 lfo41; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ii.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tahakiki ya Sarufi ya Kiswahili,
TAKILUKI, SAMAKISA</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">. (5%)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l29 level1 lfo41; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">iii.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hakuna (30%).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l29 level1 lfo41; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">iv.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sijui (35%).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l29 level1 lfo41; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tahakiki za TUKI, Msabila, na
Nyambari (5%)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l29 level1 lfo41; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">vi.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tahakiki hizi za kawaida kama za
Kadeng’e (Kadeghe?) (5%).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l29 level1 lfo41; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">vii.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tahakiki za Riwaya, Tamthiliya,
Ushairi, na nadharia ya fasihi kwa jumla (5%).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l29 level1 lfo41; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">viii.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Riwaya, Tamthiliya, na Ushairi (5%)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .25in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l29 level1 lfo41; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ix.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tahakiki ya Kiswahili na fasihi kwa
jumla (5%).</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Kwa
kiasi fulani, majibu haya yanaonyesha mkanganyiko wa hali ya juu kwa sababu
baadhi ya “vitabu” vinavyotajwa kuwa ni tahakiki si tahakiki, huku vingine hata
havihusiani na fasihi, kwa mfano “<i>Tahakiki ya Sarufi ya Kiswahili, TAKILUKI,
SAMAKISA</i>.” Aidha, majibu mengine yanaonekana kuwa ya jumla mno kubainisha
usahihi wake. Majibu hayo ni pamoja na: “Tahakiki za TUKI, Msabila, na
Nyambari,” “Tahakiki hizi za kawaida kama za Kadeng’e (Kadeghe?),” “Tahakiki za
Riwaya, Tamthiliya, Ushairi, na nadharia ya fasihi kwa jumla,” “Riwaya,
Tamthiliya, na Ushairi,” na “Tahakiki ya Kiswahili na fasihi kwa jumla.”</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Aidha,
vitabu vingine vilivyotajwa mathalani <i>Kiswahili II: kidato cha 5 na 6</i>
kilichoandikwa na JPD Company General Ltd hakikuweza kupatikana katika kipindi
chote cha utafiti ili kuthibitishwa matini yake. Jambo linaloweza kutafsirika
kuwa inawezekana (kama kipo) ni mali binafsi ya msomaji katika maktaba yake
binafsi au alikipata sehemu na kuisoma tu. Nayo asilimia 65 ya waliojibu
“hakuna” na “sijui” inaweza kutoa taswira ya ama wanafunzi hawa hawana vitabu
kabisa au wamo katika mazingira msimopatikana vitabu vya fasihi au wanatumia mihtasari
ya maandiko yaliyoandaliwa na walimu wao kama mhimili wa usomaji wao. Lakini
pia, kwa mujibu wa F. J. Masatu (2009: 27) wapo wanafunzi ambao
hawajishughulishi na usomaji wa vitabu mbalimbali hata kama ni vichache au
upatikanaji wake ni duni.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Katika
kubaini sababu za upatikanaji na utumikaji wa vitabu vya ama aina moja au
mwandishi/ waandishi fulani mashuleni, mtafiti alibaini kuwa hata katika
Maktaba ya Mkoa na Maduka ya Vitabu namo mna upungufu mkubwa wa matini ya
nadharia, hasa ya uhakiki. Na hata yale machache yanayopatikana hayapewi
kipaumbele maana kwa mujibu wa baadhi ya wanafunzi wajibu hojaji/ jaribio la
utafiti, “mwandishi huyu amerahisisha usomaji kwa ku<i>sumarize </i>(kufanya
muhtasari) mambo tunayotakiwa kusoma.” Mwandishi anayetajwa hapa ni Nyambari
Nyangwine (na wenzake ambao wameandika kazi kadhaa kwa pamoja ijapokuwa Nyambari
Nyangwine ndiye anayefahamika zaidi ya wenzake).</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Hali
hii inaweza kutafrisika kuwa sawa na kugeuza kazi za mwandishi/ waandishi hawa
“msahafu” wa kitaaluma kwa wanafunzi wa jamii husika. Picha hii ndiyo
inayojitokeza hata katika maduka mbalimbali ya vitabu yaliyopo mkoani hapa
ambapo vitabu vya Kiswahili kidato cha tano na sita pamoja na vile vya elimu ya
juu ni adimu na vinavyoweza kupatikana angalau kirahisi ni vya mwandishi/
waandishi waliotajwa na wajibu hojaji/ jaribio la utafiti wengi, yaani kazi za
Nyambari Nyangwine, na wenzake.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Swali
la kujiuliza hapa ni: Kwa nini vitabu vingine vya nadharia za Kiswahili (katika
mada mbalimbali) na tahakiki mbalimbali havipatikani (angalau) kirahisi na kwa
wingi kama zinavyopatikana kazi za mwandishi Nyambari Nyangwine, na wenzake?
Majibu yake yanahitaji utafiti wa kina ijapokuwa, sababu zinaweza zikawa: uwezekano
wa kutokusambazwa vema kwa kazi za waandishi wengine au gharama ya kuzinunua
kazi hizo ni kubwa ikilinganishwa na zile za mwandishi “tegemeo” au ni uamuzi jumuishi
kuwa huwezi kufaulu pasipo kujisomea kazi fulani. Lakini pia, sababu nyingine
inayotajwa ni kukosekana kwa Chuo Kikuu/ Vyuo Vikuu (vikiwemo vyenye kufundisha
fasihi) katika Mkoa wa Mara, na wilaya zake. Mambo haya yanaweza kuwa sababu za
kutokupatikana kirahisi kwa vitabu vingi na mbalimbali katika mashule, maktaba,
na maduka ya vitabu.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Pia,
uchunguzi ulibaini kuwa wanafunzi “wameweka” mipaka kati ya matini ya Kiswahili
na yale ya lugha zingine. Yaani, endapo somo ni Kiswahili, basi matini yanayotafutwa
ni yale yaliyo katika lugha ya Kiswahili tu. Kwa mfano, katika Maktaba ya Mkoa
yapo matini yaliyo katika lugha ya Kiingereza, ambayo yanaelezea fasihi, Isimu,
U - Marx, Ufeministi, Ukombozi, Utandawazi na kadhalika, lakini hayaguswi na
wanafunzi ila wamepewa zoezi kutoka masomo mahususi yanayoainisha mambo haya
kujadiliwa. Hili nalo ni tatizo ambalo kwa kiasi kikubwa linawezakuwa linatokana
na mfumo wa elimu uliopo.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Vyovyote
iwavyo, hitaji la kuwa na maandiko mbalimbali ya kitahakiki na kinadharia
aghalabu ya nadharia ya uhakiki, kutoka waandishi tofauti tofauti kama
walivyopendekeza baadhi ya wajibu hojaji/ jaribio la utafiti ni kubwa na
lisilopingika, tena lenye kuhitaji hatua za makusudu na za haraka kutatulika.
Matumizi ya maandiko na waandishi mbalimbali husaidia kujenga maono tofauti
tofauti miongoni mwa wasomaji na wahakiki ili kuepuka kujenga na kufikia
hitimisho ambalo nalo linaweza kuwa na upungufu wake pindi mhusika ataliheshimu
kuwa kamilifu (K. Njogu & R. Chimerah; 1999).</span></div>
</blockquote>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Mathalani,
Godfrey Rutta Bukagile, Mhariri Mkuu wa Nyambari Nyamwine Publishers, katika
Utangulizi wa <i>Tahakiki: vitabu teule vya fasihi kidato cha 5 na 6<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></i>ya J. A. Masebo na N. Nyangwine (2008)
anajaribu kuonyesha upekee wa tahakiki hii kwa kusema:</span></div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .25in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 49.7pt; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">…
upekee wa kitabu hiki ni kuwa kimeandaliwa kwa kuzingatia kiwango cha walengwa
tofauti na tahakiki za mwanzo ambazo zilihusu uhakiki na uchambuzi kwa ujumla
bila kutofautisha kiwango cha wasomaji. Kitabu hiki kimekusudiwa kiwafae
wasomaji wa fasihi – yaani wanafunzi wa kidato cha (5) na (6). Katika Shule za
Sekondari nchini Tanzania…. Tofauti na tahakiki za awali, kitabu hiki
kinaonyesha kufaulu na kutokufaulu kwa kila mwandishi ambaye kazi yake
imeshughulikiwa. Kwa kufanya hivyo, itawasaidia sana wanafunzi, walimu, waandishi,
wahakiki na wasomaji wengine wa fasihi kuiangalia kazi ya fasihi kwa jicho la
kiyakinifu badala ya kuisifia tu kazi hiyo….</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Hoja
ya upekee na uyakinifu wa tahakiki hii ni suala la kiujumi zaidi. G. R.
Bukagile habainishi japo baadhi ya tahakiki alizoziita za “mwanzo.” Umwanzo huu
ni upi katika tahakiki zilizopo; Je, ni mwanzo kwa maana ya vitabu teule
vilivyohakikiwa au ni upi hasa? Kauli hii inaweza kuwa tija kwa baadhi ya
wanafunzi na wasomaji wasiojituma katika kutafuta na kutafiti matini anuai
kiasi cha kuzipuuza kazi na tahakiki zingine wakidhani kuwa si bora. Kimsingi,
mwanafunzi au mwanazuoni yeyote yule, aliye mdadisi hawezi kutegemea tahakiki
moja katika ujenzi wa maarifa. Pia, suala la kufaulu na kutokufaulu kwa
mwandishi ni hoja ya Wanaumaudhui. Lakini kwa Wanaumbuji, hasa Wanaumbuji Mpya
na Wanaumbuji wa Kirusi, mhakiki hapaswi kujiipenyeza ndani ya mwandishi na
kazi yake kwa kujaribu kumsemea ufaulu wake. Maana kila mwandishi ana kusudi
lake ambalo linaweza kutafsirika vinginevyo. Athari ya kujipenyeza katika kazi
ya mwandishi kwa kujaribu “kuwa mdomo” wake ni kuingiza na kutumia (i) wasifu
wa mwandishi, (ii) kujiuliza nini alikikusudia mwandishi, (iii) hisia, itikadi
au mtazamo wako, na (iv) ubinafsi wako kuhakiki kazi husika, hivyo, kupoteza thamani
na uzito wa kazi halisi (Mushengyezi; 2003).</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Kwa
mfano, katika uhakiki wao, J. A. Masebo na N. Nyangwine (2008: 59) wanaelezea
kutokufaulu kwa Shaaban Robert, Mwandishi wa <i>Kufikirika</i> kuwa:</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .25in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 49.7pt; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kwa
kiasi mwandishi ametumia wahusika bapa ambao hawabadiliki kutokana na
mabadiliko yanayojitokeza katika jamii, kutokana na hali hii, wahusika hawa
hawaaminiki, yaani hawana uhalisia (uhalisi) katika jamii ya sasa. Mfano si
rahisi kumkuta mhusika kama Utubusara ujingahasara katika jamii yetu ya
Tanzania ya leo.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Mjadala
huu unaelekea kuinyima fasihi mawanda yake mapana ya kuiakisi jamii. Inaelekea
kuwa wahakiki hawa bila shaka, wao ndiyo “wameshindwa” na siyo mwandishi. Kwa
maneno mengine bila shaka “… katika jamii ya Tanzania ya leo,” kunamaanisha
jamii ya leo ni ya watu wanaopaswa kuwa Ndumilakuwili. Hata kama ndivyo ilivyo,
jamii ya Tanzania haiwataki. Huu nao ni “mgogoro” sawa na ule wa Njozi
“kuwalaumu” wahakiki kama vile F. E. M. K. Senkoro, M. S. Khatib, na Joseph
Mbele kuhusu chambuzi zao juu ya <i>Utenzi wa Mwanakupona</i>. Fasihi ina
mafungamano ya hali ya juu na nyanja mbalimbali za maisha ya binadamu –
kifikra, kijamii, kisiasa, kiutamaduni, na kiuchumi. Ili kupata dhana stahiki
ya uhakiki wa kifasihi ni sharti mhakiki na msomaji wasome, wazifahamu, na
kuzifanyia kazi nadharia za uhakiki (K. W. Wamitila; 2000: 128 129; 197). Mtazamo
huu unaungwa mkono na Vincent Kawooya na J. K. S. Makokha katika makala yao ya <i>postcolonial
criticism and globalization through Kiswahili lens</i> kwa kuihakiki tamthiliya
ya <i>Amezidi, </i>ya Said Ahmed Mohamed <i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></i>(TUKI; 2001: 129) wanaposema “uhakiki ndio
mkono ule mwingine wa fasihi, wa kwanza pengine ukiwa ni ule wa ubunifu….” </span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -4.3pt; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Kwa
kifupi, hata U - Marx unasisitiza usawa, haki, upendo, amani, na uhalali wa
namna mali zinavyozalishwa miongoni mwa wanajamii. Huku Umbuji ukisisitiza
uzingativu na kuheshimu kivitendo, utawala wa sheria. Mambo ambayo hayampi
ugumu mwanafasihi mcha Mungu kama Shaaban Robert.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -4.3pt; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Katika
Ulimwengu wa Roho (Kidini) hakuhitajiki kuwapo mtu vuguvugu; mtu anaaswa kuwa
ama baridi au moto (Ufunuo wa Yohana 3: 15 - 20). Hili ndilo lengo la dini na
fasihi pia. Hakuna jamii wala fasihi yake vinayohamasisha, kushadidia,
kufurahia, na hata kuruhusu uvuguvugu (undumilakuwili/ upopo), yaani mtu huyo
huyo atende maovu na wakati huo huo atende mema. Kama ndivyo hivyo, kwa nini
basi kunatungwa sheria na kuanzishwa kwa Mahakama? Huwezi kusema “acha tabia
hii au ile” kama mtu haitendi ama haipo katika jamii husika au imeruhusiwa.
Hata kama jamii ina undumilakuwili si lazima kila mwandishi apite njia
aliyopita mwenzake kuuelezea utamaduni huo. Kila msanii ni mbunifu, au anapaswa
kuwa mbunifu kwa kujipambanua kipekee kuelezea jambo husika. Mtazamo huu unaelekea
kuungwa mkono na R. Dubos (1968: vii) kama asemavyo:</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .25in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 59.05pt; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Each
human is unique, unprecedented, unrepeatable… each one of us has become what he
is and behave as he does, always having in mind the course of events that
transformed… into a reasonably succeful citizen.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .25in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 59.05pt; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kila
binadamu ni wa pekee, asiye na mbadala, asiyejirudia… kila mmoja wetu yuko vile
alivyo na kutenda vile atendavyo, daima kunasababishwa na msingi wa matukio
unaomuumba… kuwa raia anayefanikiwa kiuhakika zaidi (Tafsiri ya mwandishi).</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -4.3pt; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Kwa
kulijua hili, katika kuijenga dhana hii kifasihi, kwa weledi mkubwa, inaelekea
kuwa Shaaban Robert hataki kuzungukazunguka katika kuiasa jamii kuacha uovu,
badala yake anajenga jamii mbili tofauti kimatendo ili kupembua “ubinadamu” –
tabia wanazozisema wahakiki hawa. Bila shaka, S. Robert hakusudii kumjadili
mtu, bali tabia zinazotawala matendo ya mtu. Huu ni upekee na ustadi wa
mwandishi huyu, gwiji katika uga wa Kiswahili. Ndiyo maana kila wakati, falsafa
yake ni wema kuushinda ubaya endapo mtu atamcha Muumba wake. Bila shaka hata G.
R. Bukagile analitambua hili, maana pamoja na “kukipigia chepuo” kitabu hiki,
bado anarudi nyuma na kukiri hivi:</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .25in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 49.7pt; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Napenda
kusisitiza kuwa ni kweli na wazi kwamba kuna mabingwa wa taaluma ya uhakiki
zaidi ya waandishi hawa ambao wamejishughulisha sana kuandika kuhusu nadharia
ya uhakiki, lakini tunaamini kuwa kitabu hiki kinakuwa ni kichocheo kizuri cha
kuendeleza na kukuza na hata kupambanua<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>mawazo ya mabingwa hao. Vilevile napenda kusisitiza kuwa lengo la kitabu
hiki ni kuziba pengo la uchache wa maandishi yanayohusu uhakiki na uchambuzi wa
Fasihi ya Kiswahili (uk. viii).</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Ni
ukweli usiopingika kuwa uga wa Kiswahili, hususani uhahiki bado unakabiliwa na
changamoto nyingi ikiwemo ya maandiko ya kitaaluma</span> (<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">S.
A. Mazigwa 1991, uk. 7; S. D. Kiago katika M. Msokile uk.iv; na</span> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">M.
Msokile 1993, uk. ii; S. A. Mohamed 1995 - utangulizi; R. M. Wafula, 1999, uk.
vii; na K. Njogu na R. Chimerah, 1999: x). Waandishi hawa wamechangia kwa
sehemu yao katika upatikanaji wa maandiko ya Kiswahili - Isimu na Fasihi; hili
halipingiki. Tatizo si kuzibwa kwa pengo, kama Bukagile anavyobainisha katika
utangulizi wake. Tatizo ni namna pengo hilo linavyozibwa. Uzibaji pengo
unapaswa kufanyika kwa makini na kwa tahadhari kubwa ili kuepuka hasara ambayo
gharama ya fidia na, au marekebisho itakuwa kubwa zaidi ya ile ya uzibaji (G.
Ruhumbika; 2006: 225).</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Utafiti
huu umebaini pia, wanafunzi wengi ni wepesi zaidi katika kujitolea kufanya kazi
za kipengele cha maudhui kuliko zile za fani. Na katika Maudhui, kipengele
kinachopendeka zaidi ni Dhamira, kikifuatiwa kwa mbali na kipengele cha Ujumbe.
Hali hii imesababisha baadhi ya wanafunzi kujichanganya pindi wanapojibu swali
linalohusu ujumbe. Yaani, wanajadili dhamira “wakidhani” wanajadili jumbe, huku
migogoro ikitajwa kama moja ya Dhamira au jumbe. Hali hii imejipambanua pia
katika J. A. Masebo na N. Nyangwine (2008), tahakiki ambayo ndiyo inayotumika
zaidi mashuleni, lakini haibainishi nadharia zilizotumika/ iliyotumika kuongoza
uhakiki wa vitabu teule walivyovifanyia kazi.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Kwa
mujibu wa WanaU - Marx, migogoro ni ishara ya kutokuwepo usawa, haki, upendo,
na utu miongoni mwa wanajamii. Kukosekana kwa haya ndiko kunakosababisha
dhuluma, chuki, unyonyaji, unyanyasaji, matabaka, kutokuwajibika, na kadhalika.
Matokeo yake ni mapambano ya kitabaka kati ya wanyonge na matajiri kwa lengo la
kutafuta suluhu ya mahusiano ya kitabaka na njia za uzalishaji mali. Kwa baadhi
ya tahakiki, dhana hii hutambulishwa kama dhamira ya “Ujenzi wa jamii mpya na
endelevu.” Lakini dhana hii haipambanuliwi kwa mapana yake. Jambo linalowafanya
baadhi ya wanafunzi kuchukulia kuwa suluhu ya matabaka ni maandamano, na, au
kumwaga damu; kujitoa mhanga.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Inasadikika
kuwa, huku ndiko wanakokujua wanafasihi na wahakiki chipukizi walio wengi.
Mathalani, baadhi ya wawakilishi au wanavikundi wawasilishaji walipojaribu
kuhusisha mambo yanayojadiliwa katika vitabu teule, hasa yale maovu, kwa haraka
sana walihitimisha na kauli ya “dawa ya haya yote ni kujitoa muhanga, kupigana
kwa nguvu zetu zote, hata kufa tufe ikibidi. Ni lazima tuwe wazalendo.” Na picha
wanayoijenga pindi wanapojadili dhana ya “kujitoa mhanga” ni ile ya mauaji;
kumwaga damu kama ishara ya ushujaa ana ukombozi wa kweli.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Kwa
baadhi ya jamii, kuua au kumwaga damu si jambo jipya, wala la kushangaza
miongoni mwao! Hivyo, hoja kama hii “inaweza kuhalalisha” vitendo hivi kupitia
mafundisho wanayoyapata mashuleni. Ni sawa na kuchochea kuni kwenye tanuru
liwakalo moto. Kwa mantiki hii, kuna uwezekano mdogo sana wa kuwa na jamii huru
na isiyomwaga damu. Kwani wadhulumaji ni zao la jamii – jamii ya wasomi na
wasio wasomi. Na wamwaga damu, nao ni zao la jamii ile ile, wanafunzi wakiwemo.
Kwa Wanausasa na baadhi ya WanaU - Marx, maandamano, na, au kumwaga damu;
kujitoa mhanga ni hatua ya juu kabisa katika kujitetea dhidi ya dhuluma
iliyokita mizizi, na ambayo siyo rahisi kuing’oa kwa njia za amani. Mtazamo huu
unafanana na mtazamo wa baadhi ya wananadharia za uongozi na utawala, ambao
wanaiona migogoro katika jamii kuwa moja ya misingi ya maendeleo na maboresho
yenye kuleta tija katika jamii endapo jamii itafikiria zaidi uchanya kuliko
uhasi.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Katika
muktadha huu, uhakiki wa kazi za fasihi unapaswa kuambatana na nadharia, tena
kuzipambanua kwa wazi kabisa kuepuka “sitofahamu” miongoni mwa wadau wa fasihi
ya Kiswahili. Huku ndiko kunakofungua hoja ya kuwepo au kutokuwepo kwa uhusiano
kati ya nadharia za uhakiki wa fasihi ya Kiswahili na uwezo wa mwanafunzi
kujitegemea kivitendo katika majukumu kadha wa kadha anayopewa ndani na nje ya
darasa, jambo linaloungwa mkono na Judith Ferster (1947: vii). </span></div>
</blockquote>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<h2 style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.75in;">
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">4. 5. 1. 3 Uhusiano Uliopo
kati ya Nadharia za Uhakiki wa Fasihi ya Kiswahili na Uwezo wa Mwanafunzi Kujitegemea
Kivitendo katika Majukumu Kadha wa Kadha Anayopewa Ndani na Nje ya Darasa</span></h2>
</blockquote>
</div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Lengo
kuu la kipengele hiki lilikuwa kubainisha kwa kuelezea uhusiano kati ya
nadharia za uhakiki wa fasihi ya Kiswahili na uwezo wa mwanafunzi kujitegemea
kivitendo katika majukumu kadha wa kadha anayopewa ndani na nje ya darasa.
Nadharia zilizotumika kujenga mjadala huu ni Umbuji na U - Marx wa Kirusi.
Uchambuzi wa kina ulifanyika kupitia matokeo ya utafiti, mapitio ya maandiko na
nadharia teule katika utafiti huu ili kurahisisha mtiririko wa mjadala mzima.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Pamoja
na nadharia za uhakiki kutokupewa uzito stahiki katika ufundishwaji wa fasihi
mashuleni kutokana na kutokuwa sehemu rasmi ya Muhtasari wa Kiswahili katika
shule za sekondari nchini Tanzania, pia utamaduni wa walimu na wanafunzi
kujifungia katika mitaala rasmi, imebainika kuwa upo uhusiano kati ya kujifunza
nadharia za uhakiki wa fasihi ya Kiswahili na uwezo wa mwanafunzi kujitegemea
kivitendo katika majukumu kadha wa kadha anayopewa ndani na nje ya darasa. Hoja
hii inatokana na jibu la <b>Ndiyo </b>lililotolewa na wajibu hojaji/ jaribio la
utafiti 24 sawa na asilimia 96 ya wote 25 waliojibu swali la msingi lililosema:
<i>Je, unadhani kuna uhusiano wa msingi uliopo kati ya mwanafunzi kujifunza
nadharia ya uhakiki na uwezo wake katika kuzikabili changamoto mbalimbali ndani
na nje ya darasa</i>? Kauli hii itajipambanua vema katika matokeo ya jaribio la
utafiti kati ya wanafunzi wa shule dhibitiwa na isiyodhibitiwa ili kuthibitisha
uhalali wake.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Wajibu
hojaji/ jaribio la utafiti hawa walitoa majibu mbalimbali kama sababu za
kutetea hoja na mitazamo vyao. Baadhi ya sababu hizo ni pamoja na “Uhusiano
upo, kwani baada ya kuwa amejifunza atakuwa na uwezo wa kuchambua kwa undani
mambo mbalimbali au kukosoa kwa kiasi atakachoweza na kupata mambo ya msingi
atakayoweza kuyafanya hata anapokuwa nje ya darasa,” “… mwanafunzi atakuwa na
uwezo wa kufanya au kuchambua taarifa, vitabu, na hotuba mbalimbali
zinazotolewa na watu katika jamii yake,” na “nadhani nadharia za uhakiki wa
fasihi kama tukifundishwa vizuri tutaweza kujisimamia, kuchambua mambo kwa
utulivu, na kuyaamua kwa ufanisi zaidi..Kwa ufupi, fasihi na uhakiki ndiyo
maisha hasa kwani uhakiki ni chujio la kila jambo limhusulo binadamu na maisha yake
kupitia fasihi.” </span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Kinachojitokeza
katika majibu haya ni kwamba, inavyoelekea pamoja na nadharia za uhakiki
kutokuwa sehemu rasmi ya Muhtasari wa Kiswahili katika Shule za Sekondari
nchini Tanzania, wanafunzi wanaoufahamu juu ya mchango wa mada hii katika
maisha yao ya kila siku. Ufahamu huu unaweza kupambanuliwa kupitia tafsiri
wanazozijenga kutoka mada ndogo ya Uhakiki na Mhakiki.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Kwa
namna kipengele hiki kinavyofundishwa na “kuimbwa” na wanafunzi katika shule
hizi mbili kunawafanya wanafunzi wajibu hojaji/ jaribio la utafiti 12, sawa na
asilimia 60 kukihesabu kipengele cha Uhakiki na Mhakiki kuwa sehemu mojawapo
muhimu ya miongozo ya wao kufanya kazi ya uhakiki. Hali hii inajipambanua
kupitia majibu yanayofanana kwa sehemu kubwa miongoni mwa wajibu hojaji/
jaribio la utafiti hawa 12. Mathalani, baadhi ya wajibu hojaji/ jaribio la
utafiti pamoja na kutokukaa pamoja katika kujaza hojaji walitoa kauli hii “…
nadharia ya uhakiki ina umuhimu mkubwa mno. Bila mtu kupata mwongozo huwezi
kuelewa, hivyo basi ili mwanafunzi aelewe lazima apate mwongozo….”</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Kauli
hii kwa sehemu “inaleta mkanganyiko” kiasi fulani, kwani wajibu hojaji/ jaribio
la utafiti hawa hawasomi nadharia za uhakiki ila wanaanza hoja yao kwa maneno
“nadharia ya uhakiki….” Kwa mtu ambaye hakufuatilia mjadala wa namna mada hii
inavyofundishwa mashuleni bila shaka atapata ukakasi katika kubaini nini
wanachokimaanisha hapa. Uchunguzi uliofanyika unaonyesha kuwa kisichofundishwa
mashuleni ni: nadharia za uhakiki ni nini, ni zipi, na mawanda yake ni yepi<b> </b>lakini
kwa namna ya jumla mada hii hufundishwa kikizakiza, yaani hufichika ndani ya
dhana za fani, maudhui, uhakiki na mhakiki. Huku ndiko kusema, nadharia za
uhakiki huguswa kwa uchache sana ama kwa kutajwa tu au kuelezewa kwa muhtasari
kusikokidhi mawanda ya nadharia za uhakiki, kwa uwazi na ufasaha wake.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Uzoefu
wanaoupata wanafunzi kupitia kazi teule na zisizo teule za kifasihi
wanazozisoma na kuzihakiki zingeunganishwa na nadharia za uhakiki, bila shaka
kungejenga muunganiko mzuri wa nadharia na vitendo, kama alivyotanabaisha mjibu
hojaji/ jaribio la utafiti mwanafunzi:</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .25in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 59.05pt; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">…
kupitia nadharia ya uhakiki, tunaweza kufanya mazoezi kwa kujiamini, na
kushirikiana…. mazoezi ni muhimu sana hasa kwa mwanafunzi. Kupitia mazoezi hayo
mwanafunzi huongeza ujudi (ujuzi) na kuwa mahiri…. kujenga utamaduni wa kuweza
kuelewa mambo mbalimbali katika jamii mfano, ufisadi, unyonyaji, matabaka…
(Hojaji kwa Wanafunzi).</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Hoja
hizi zinaelekea kushabihiana na ya mjibu hojaji/ jaribio la utafiti mwingine
aliyesema, “Kwa kusoma nadharia tunapata kufahamu matatizo na chanzo cha
matatizo hayo na kuyafanyia uchunguzi na hatimaye kuyafanyia matatuzi.”
Kinachojitokeza hapa, kwa mtu aliyesoma na kuzipa nafasi nadharia katika
shughuli zake za kila siku, kutamfanya kujijengea moyo wa kutokupuuza mambo, na
kwa uwezo wake atakuwa makini na kila mara kufanya uchunguzi (wa kina) ili
kutafuta tiba; tiba ya kudumu kwa kizazi chake na vijavyo. Yaani, pamoja na
kuelewa jambo bado mtu anapaswa kuchukua hatua za makusudi na za haraka katika
kuchunguza na kulifanikisha jambo kwa ufasaha zaidi ya wengine. Hoja hii
inaungwa mkono na moja ya misemo ya mama mzazi wa B. Carson (1992: 149)
inayosema “unaweza kufanya chochote wanachofanya wengine – lakini unapaswa
kujaribu kufanya vizuri zaidi yao.”</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Faida
ya utamaduni huu ni kujiepusha na utegemezi wa fikra na maamuzi kutoka kwa
wengine, kama anavyobainisha mjibu hojaji/ jaribio la utafiti mwingine:</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 58.7pt; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 423.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">…
kwa sababu ukitegemea kutumia tahakiki za watu wengine tu hutaweza kubainisha
makosa kwa ufasaha zaidi. Hivyo nadharia ni muhimu kusomwa… (Hojaji kwa
Wanafunzi).</span></div>
</blockquote>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Hoja
hii inaungwa mkono pia na mjibu hojaji/ jaribio la utafiti mwingine anayesema:</span></div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .25in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 59.05pt; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">...
kwa sababu wanafunzi wengi wanatumia tahakiki ambazo zinapumbaza akili zao
pengine wangekuwa na elimu hii wangetumia akili zao wenyewe kuepukana na
upotoshwaji utokao kwa wahakiki wengi (Hojaji kwa Walimu/ Mtaalamu Taasisi ya
Elimu Tanzania).</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Hata
hivyo, kauli hizi inapingwa na mjibu hojaji/ jaribio la utafiti aliyekataa
kuwepo kwa umuhimu wa kujifunza nadharia za uhakiki kwa sababu:</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .25in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 59.05pt; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">kujifunza
nadharia kutamfanya mwanafunzi kushindwa kufanya upembuzi yakinifu kwa kutumia
akili yake na kupelekea mwanafunzi kuwa tegemezi katika tahakiki (Hojaji kwa
Wanafunzi).</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Kauli
hii inapingana na jibu alilolitoa mjibu hojaji/ jaribio la utafiti huyu pindi
akijibu swali lililomtaka kwa mtazamo wake aweze kutoa sababu ya/ za shule
kufundisha nadharia ya uhakiki. Katika eneo la shule kufundisha nadharia za
uhakiki, mjibu hojaji/ jaribio la utafiti huyu anasema:</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .25in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 59.05pt; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 423.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Lengo kuu la kusoma nadharia hii ya uhakiki wa
fasihi ya Kiswahili katika shule za sekondari ni kuweza kumpa mwanafunzi weledi
ama uwezo wa kutambua chimbuko la fasihi kwa undani zaidi (Hojaji kwa
Wanafunzi).</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Kwa
namna kauli hii ilivyo, bila shaka panaibuka hisia kuwa mjibu hojaji/ jaribio
la utafiti huyu ama hakulielewa swali au alishindwa kuhusianisha mambo haya
mawili. Endapo lengo la kufundishwa nadharia mashuleni ni kumpa mwanafunzi
weledi ama uwezo wa kutambua chimbuko la fasihi kwa undani zaidi, itakuwaje
mwanafunzi huyo huyo ategemee tahakiki?</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Kwa
mujibu wa wajibu hojaji/ jaribio la utafiti wanane sawa na asilimia 32 ya wote
25 wanabainisha kuwa mtu akijifunza na kuzingatia kile anachofundishwa ndani na
nje ya darasa anaweza kujikuta akifanya tathmini na tafiti zisizokwisha kuhusu
kile akionacho, akisikiacho, au akijuacho. Mfano wa hoja za namna hiyo ni
pamoja na hii:</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .25in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 59.05pt; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">...
maana atakuwa akiyachambua maisha na makandokando yake. Matokeo yake anaweza
kuyaogopa hata maisha yake mwenyewe… hayatendei haki…. Hawatendei wengine haki…
hafai kuigwa wala kuiga (Hojaji kwa Wanafunzi, Walimu/ Mtaalamu Taasisi ya
Elimu Tanzania).</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Suala
linalojadiliwa hapa ni “athari” ya kuyachimba maisha kiasi cha kuzamia katika
Udhanaishi<b> </b>na kuyalazimisha maisha yajibu yote uyaulizayo. Lengo kuu
hasa la nadharia za uhakiki si kumfanya mtu afanane na Plato, Aristotle,
Socrates na wanafalsafa wengine wa zama hizo, wakiwemo baadhi ya Wamonaki.
Lengo hasa la nadharia za uhakiki ni kumjengea msingi msomaji kuutafuta
ukamilifu mkamilifu na si kumpotosha au kumuegemeza katika dhana moja na
kuiamini kuwa ndiyo ukamilifu wa matendo na maneno (K. W. Wamitila; 2000: 128
129; 197).</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Katika
kuboresha hoja ya kuwepo uhusiano kati ya mtu aliyejifunza na ambaye
hakujifunza nadharia za uhakiki, mwalimu mjibu hojaji ana haya ya kusema:</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .25in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 59.05pt; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 423.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mtu asiyezijua nadharia za uhakiki anapungukiwa kitu
muhimu katika taaluma yake. Hawezi kuijua na kuitumia historia vilivyo. Hawezi
kuwa hakimu au jaji mzuri. Hawezi kuwa mwanasiasa mzuri… utendaji wake ofisini
utakuwa sawa na usingizi wa mang’amung’amu tu; hana kipya, hana ubunifu;
atapwaya hakika (Hojaji kwa Walimu/ Mtaalamu Taasisi ya Elimu Tanzania).</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Hoja
hii inaelekea kuibua na kumchochea msomaji au mhakiki wa fasihi ya Kiswahili
kujikita katika kuzisoma nadharia mbalimbali aghalabu nadharia za uhakiki.
Mathalani, U - Marx ni mpana sana kiutumizi kwani ni dhana inayogusa kila uga
wa maisha ya mwanadamu. Si rahisi kukutana na somo au kozi ambavyo havitaji wala
kuzungumzia U - Marx. Hivyo, kwa kuisoma kwake kutawafanya wanafunzi kuzihakiki
kazi za kifasihi katika mahusiano ya kinyuga – kijamii, kisayansi, kiuchumi,
kiutamaduni, kiimani, na kisiasa. Msingi huu ndiyo utakaowafanya kujijengea
desturi ya kuzifikiria nyuga zingine katika uandaaji, ubunaji, upangaji, na
uchaguzi wa vipaumbele (F. J. Schuurman; 2000: 61 – 67, na E. M. Songoyi; 2008).</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">U
- Marx unamfanya msomaji na mtunzi wa kazi za kifasihi na zisizo za kifasihi
kuyachunguza kikamilifu maisha na mfumo wake kabla ya kufanya uamuzi wenye
kuzingatia utashi wa, au tija kwa jamii husika. Huku kutapunguza kwa kiasi
uhuru wa msomaji au mtunzi, hivyo katika kuyaepa haya kwa kiasi fulani
atalazimika kuutumia Umbuji hususani Umbuji wa Kirusi ili kujitanua na kufanya
hitimisho lake.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Haya
yote yanajenga msingi wa kufikiri kwa kina; kuielewa na kuitumia lugha
kiufasha, tena<b> </b>kimuktadha, kama wanavyosema baadhi ya wajibu hojaji/
jaribio la utafiti katika hoja ifuatayo:</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .25in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 59.05pt; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Nadharia
hujenga msingi wa kupata ujumbe uliozungumzwa, pia kufafanua lugha (zikiwemo za
picha mfano), mwandishi anapotumia ‘punda’ inakuwezesha kufahamu ‘punda’ ni
mwanamke; jinsi anavyonyanyaswa…. Kwa sababu mtu unakuwa na umahiri katika
lugha, hivyo umuhimu upo sana na ni mada moja nzuri sana (Hojaji kwa Wanafunzi
& Hojaji kwa Walimu/ Mtaalamu Taasisi ya Elimu Tanzania).</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Katika
kupima hoja hii, mtafiti alihitaji kujua mwitiko wa wanafunzi wajibu hojaji/
jaribio la utafiti 20 ambapo walitakiwa kubainisha jambo lililo bora zaidi
katika kuwajengea uwezo wa kuyamudu masomo yao na mambo mengine kwa wepesi na
urahisi. Swali liliambatana na majibu - pendekezi ya kuchagua. Majibu -
pendekezi yalikuwa:</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l36 level1 lfo15; tab-stops: list 1.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">kujifunza nadharia za uhakiki na
kuzitilia maanani</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l36 level1 lfo15; tab-stops: list 1.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">kusoma tahakiki na kuzitilia maanani</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l36 level1 lfo15; tab-stops: list 1.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">kusoma vitabu teule vya fasihi na
kuvitilia maanani</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l36 level1 lfo15; tab-stops: list 1.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">kuzingatia jibu la (a), (b) na (c)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l36 level1 lfo15; tab-stops: list 1.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">hakuna jibu lililo sahihi</span></div>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Jumla
ya wajibu hojaji/ jaribio la utafiti 20 walijibu swali hili, na matokeo ya
mwitiko wao yalikuwa kama ifuatavyo (asilimia ya waliochagua jibu pendekezi
katika mabano):</span></div>
</blockquote>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l47 level1 lfo16; tab-stops: list 1.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Kujifunza nadharia za uhakiki na
kuzitilia maanani (45%)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l47 level1 lfo16; tab-stops: list 1.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Kusoma tahakiki na kuzitilia maanani (05%)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l47 level1 lfo16; tab-stops: list 1.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Kusoma vitabu teule vya fasihi na
kuvitilia maanani (35%)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l47 level1 lfo16; tab-stops: list 1.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Kuzingatia jibu la (a), (b) na (c) (15%)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l47 level1 lfo16; tab-stops: list 1.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Hakuna jibu lililo sahihi (0%)</span></div>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
</div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Kimantiki,
hakuna eneo katika maisha ya mwanadamu lililo bora zaidi ya jingine ila
kutokana na rasilimali zilizopo, inailazimu jamii kuwa na vipaumbele. Hapa
ndipo penye ugumu; kipi kianze, kipi kifuate. Katika muktadha huu, weledi wa
hali ya juu unapaswa kujipambanua vema. Na kwa mtu aliyesoma nadharia vizuri na
kuzielewa kivitendo hatapata shida sana kuteua vipaumbele au kujenga hoja bora
za kupata vipaumbele. Hiki ndicho kinachojitokeza katika matokeo haya.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Kimsingi,
jibu ambalo lingeweza kuwa sahihi zaidi ni jibu (d) ambalo linajumuisha majibu
pendekezi ya (a), (b), na (c). Kwa sababu kutegemea nadharia pekee na kuzitilia
maanani hakuwezi kukufanya kuiva kitaaluma, vivyo hivyo kwa majibu mengine.
Kinachoweza kujenga weledi ni pamoja na kujifunza nadharia za uhakiki na
kuzitilia maanani, kusoma tahakiki na kuzitilia maanani, na kusoma vitabu teule
vya fasihi na kuvitilia maanani. Hivi vyote vinasaidia kushikamanisha matini,
mijadala, na hoja kwani huwa ni mifano dhahili ya kile kinachojitokeza katika
mijadala.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Hata
hivyo, matokeo haya yanaweza kuwa yameathiriwa na maneno “…na kuzitilia
maanani.” Kama hivi ndivyo, basi kwa namna fulani inakuwa vigumu kidogo kubaini
tafsiri waliyoijenga wajibu hojaji/ jaribio la utafiti hawa kwani dhana ya
kutilia maanani inaweza kutafsiriwa kama ‘kufanyia kazi’ au ‘kuzingatia.’ Kwa
msingi huu, kujifunza na kuzingatia nadharia pekee kunamfungia mtu nje ya
makandokando mengine ya kiweledi. Yaani, kunadhoofisha dhana nzima ya mawanda
mapana ya mahusiano ya kinyanja ndani na nje ya darasa kati ya nadharia za
uhakiki na ujenzi (wa uwezo) wa mwanafunzi katika kuzikabili changamoto mbalimbali
anazozikabili katika miktadha anuai.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Huku
ndiko kunakotoa picha sahihi ya namna wanafunzi wanavyoweza kuhusisha dhana,
iwe kimlalo au kiwima, ili kuleta mantiki ya jambo. Mathalani, wajibu hojaji/
jaribio la utafiti waliochagua kusoma tahakiki na kuzitilia maanani kama chaguo
lao bora zaidi, wanajaribu kuonyesha kuwa kujifunza nadharia za uhakiki kuna
umuhimu ila tahakiki ni bora zaidi kama wanasemavyo, “umuhimu upo tena mkubwa
sana kwani baada ya kuhakiki tahakiki mbalimbali inaweza kumsaidia mwanafunzi
kujibu mitihani yake kwa ufasaha na kujipanulia wigo wa kufaulu zaidi na
vizuri.” Hoja hii inatofautiana na mjibu hojaji/ jaribio la utafiti mwingine
aliyechagua pia tahakiki. Kwake yeye “… nadharia ya uhakiki hutuwezesha kuyatambua
mambo yanayoikumba jamii.”</span></div>
</blockquote>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Katika
kuakisi mawanda ya nadharia za uhakiki, K. Njogu na R. Chimerah (1999: 04)
wanafafanua:</span></div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .25in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 1.0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Nadharia
inatufanya tufikiri, tusaili, tuweke tashwishi, tuone ‘ukweli.’<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Katika ufundishaji wa fasihi, ni muhimu sana
kuzingatia nadharia, kwa sababu inatusaidia kuona uhusiano baina ya matukio na
wahusika, au matumizi ya lugha na maana ya kile tunachokisoma, tunachokiona, na
tunachokisikia. Nadharia inatufungulia njia. Nadharia inatoa mwanga na kuweka
wazi kilichofichika.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Katika
kipindi cha uchunguzi, mtafiti alibaini kuwepo kwa chambuzi zenye kuichambua
riwaya ya <i>A Man of the People</i>. Chambuzi hizi zinazotumiwa na wanafunzi
karibuni wote, zinamtambua mhusika mkuu wa <i>A Man of the People</i>, Odili
kuwa ni mwanamapinduzi wa dhati, na anayepaswa kuigwa. Na ndivyo wanavyoelewa
na kuamini wanafunzi hawa. Pamoja na sababu wanazotoa kutetea mtazamo wao, bado
hawataji nadharia wanayoitumia kuhalalisha uadilifu wa Odili mbele ya jamii.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Hata
hivyo, kwa baadhi ya wahakiki, hususani Wanasaikolojia, wanamuona mhusika Odili
kutokuwa mkombozi wa kweli bali mtu mwenye tamaa ya kingono, na mlipiza visasi
asiye kifani. Hoja yao imejengwa katika chanzo cha safari na mgororo baina ya
Odili na Mheshimiwa Chifu Nanga, Waziri wa Utamaduni ambao unatokana na kitendo
cha Chifu Nanga “kumsaliti” Odili kwa kufanya mapenzi na “mpenzi” wa Odili,
Elsie . Yafuatayo ni baadhi ya maswali yanayoongoza mijadala yao:</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 63.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l36 level3 lfo15; mso-text-indent-alt: -9.0pt; tab-stops: list 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -63.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span>i.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Odili alikwenda mjini kuitikia wito /
mihadi aliyopewa na Mheshimiwa Chifu Nanga ili amsaidie kupata nafasi ya
ufadhili wa kimasomo. Je, Odili hakujua kuwa hii ni rushwa ya kindugu?</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 63.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l36 level3 lfo15; mso-text-indent-alt: -9.0pt; tab-stops: list 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -63.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span>ii.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Iwapo Mheshimiwa Chifu Nanga
“asingemsaliti” Odili, je Odili angejiunga na kuanzisha chama cha kisiasa na
harakati za “ukombozi”?</span></div>
</blockquote>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 63.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l36 level3 lfo15; mso-text-indent-alt: -9.0pt; tab-stops: list 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -63.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span>iii.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Je, “ukombozi” aliokuwa akiutafuta Odili
ulikuwa wa kitaifa au wa binafsi?</span></div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Wanasaikolojia
hawa wanajaribu kuwatahadharisha waandishi, wasomaji na wahakiki kuwa makini na
kazi au hoja zao kwani kuna hatari ya majambazi, wanyang’anyi, walafi, na
kadhalika kutukuzwa na kupewa hadhi ya uanamapinduzi wa kweli na endelevu
wakati hawastahili. Endapo jamii itafanya hivi, basi huku kutakuwa ni sawa na
kumpa fisi bucha kulinda nyama au kumpelekea ngedere kesi ili amhukumu nyani
kwa kula nafaka ambazo si mali yake! Hakika maumivu yake yatakuwa makubwa
kuzidi ya awali; na hii ndiyo kazi ya nadharia kubeba na kuchuja mambo kwa
kina. </span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Kwa
mujibu wa matokeo ya utafiti na nadharia zilizoongoza utafiti huu, kwa pamoja
vimebaini kujengeka kwa picha ifuatayo miongoni mwa wajibu hojaji/ jaribio la
utafiti, yenye kuhitimisha mjadala mzima wa kuwepo kwa uhusiano kati ya
nadharia za uhakiki wa fasihi ya Kiswahili na uwezo wa mwanafunzi kujitegemea
kivitendo katika majukumu kadha wa kadha anayopewa ndani na nje ya darasa.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -27.0pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Mchoro 1: </span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-language: #00FF;">Muhtasari wa Mahusiano ya Nadharia na Nyuga</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="height: 42px; left: 0px; margin-left: 311px; margin-top: 11px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 102px; z-index: 251641856;">
</span></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td bgcolor="white" height="42" style="background: white; border: .75pt solid black; vertical-align: top;" width="102"><span style="left: 0pt; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; z-index: 251641856;">
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><div class="shape" style="padding: 4.35pt 7.95pt 4.35pt 7.95pt;">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Kutafiti</span></div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</span> </td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><img height="372" src="file:///C:\Users\ERIC\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image001.png" width="567" /></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></b>
<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Picha hii inaweza
kufananishwa na kazi mbalimbali za kifasihi zilizojikita katika kuonyesha uwili
wa jambo au kitu fulani katika maisha ya jamii. Baadhi ya kazi hizo ni pamoja
na: “Chungu Tamu,” “Asali Chungu,” “Pili Pilipili,” “Lina Ubani,” na kadhalika.
Wapo pia baadhi ya Wasanii Waimbaji waliotunga nyimbo zao kuhusu uwili wa mambo
kadha wa kadha ya kimaisha, kwa mfano kuhusu “fedha,” Les Wanyika wakaimba
“Shilingi yaua, tena maua,” kisha Mlimani Park Orchestra wakairudia dhana hii
kwa kusema, “pesa maua, tena yaua” na wengine wakaimba “pesa sabuni ya roho” na
kadhalika. Ingawa wote hawa hawakutaja nadharia ipi wanayoitumia kujenga hoja
yao, bado kuwepo kwa uwili kunamfanya msomaji, mtazamaji au msikilizaji kupata
picha pana zaidi kuhusu maisha na makandokando yake. Hali hii inamsaidia
mwanajamii kuchukua hatua na tahadhari stahiki katika kuamua aina ya mfumo na
maisha anayotaka kuyaishi huku akitambua kuwa kidole kimoja hakivunji chawa.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<h1 style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">4. 5. 2 Matokeo ya Jaribio</span></h1>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Zoezi hili lilitolewa kwa
wanafunzi wa</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">jibu hojaji/ jaribio la utafiti</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"> kutoka shule teule – Elly’s na Ikizu. Zoezi lilikuwa
la aina moja kwa shule zote mbili isipokuwa shule ya sekondari Elly’s ilifundishwa
nadharia za uhakiki, U - Marx na Umbuji wa Kirusi wakati shule ya sekondari
Ikizu haikufundishwa. Njia ya ufundishaji wa nadharia ilikuwa ni njia
shirikishi yenye kujikita hasa katika mafunzo – linganishi ambapo mwalimu
(mtafiti) aliwaongoza wanafunzi katika kujadili na kubainisha dhana na sifa vya
U - Marx, na Umbuji wa Kirusi kisha kulinganisha na mitazamo yao na tahakiki
wanazozitumia kuhakiki.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Kutokana na ratiba ya shule,
somo lilifanyika kwa majuma mawili, mara moja kwa juma – siku ya Jumanne
kuanzia saa 1: 50 hadi 3: 10 asubuhi. Hii ndiyo kusema, kila nadharia
ilifundishwa kwa siku moja – masaa mawili, yenye pumziko kila baada ya nusu saa
au robo tatu saa kulingana na utashi wa wanafunzi wa</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">jibu
hojaji/ jaribio la utafiti</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">.
Jaribio la utafiti lilifanyika kwa muda wa saa moja, siku ya Jumanne, juma la
tatu. Swali la jaribio lilikuwa moja ambalo lilitungwa na mtafiti lakini
kifungu cha habari kilitoka katika Mtihani wa Taifa, Kiswahili, Karatasi ya
Pili kwa watahiniwa wasiokuwa shuleni – Ijumaa, 12 Februari 2010 asubuhi (Sehemu
E: Usanifu wa Maandishi). Kila m</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">jibu mwanafunzi jaribio
la utafiti</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"> alitakiwa
kukisoma kifungu kwa umakini na kisha kujibu swali lililosema <i>kwa kutumia
mifano dhahili kutoka habari uliyoisoma, jadili kauli hii, “mfano wa kazi za
namna hii si kazi za kifasihi.”</i></span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Idadi ya wanafunzi wa</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">jibu
jaribio la utafiti</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"> ilikuwa ni
wanane, jambo lililofanya ufundishaji na tathmini ya mada kuwa nyepesi zaidi
lakini ya kina. Sababu ya kuwa na idadi ndogo kiasi hiki ni kutokana na ukweli
kuwa ndiyo idadi kamili ya wanafunzi wa kiswahili wa kidato cha sita
waliokuwepo wakati wa utafiti. Na msingi wa kuitumia idadi hii unatoka kwa </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">D.
Ary, (kama ilivyotangulia) ambao wanaainisha kuwa, katika mazingira fulani ya
utafiti, mtafiti hana budi kuzingatia zaidi aghalabu eneo mahususi la utafiti,
na aina ya wajibu hojaji/ jaribio la utafiti. Kwa kuvizingatia vitu hivi,
mtafiti atawatumia wajibu hojaji/ jaribio la utafiti wote atakaokuwa amewaweka
kwenye mipaka ya utafiti wake. Hatua hii ilimfanya mtafiti aweze kulimudu zoezi
la utafiti barabara.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Kwa kuzingatia matokeo hususani ya hojaji, na lengo la
utafiti namba </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">4. 5. 1. 3,<b> </b></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">bila shaka wasomaji wa tasnifu hii wanaweza
kuhitimisha kuwa matokeo hayo hayatatofautiana na matokeo ya jaribio. Katika
lengo namba </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">4. 5. 1. 3<b> </b></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">linaloelezea </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">uhusiano uliopo kati ya
nadharia za uhakiki wa fasihi ya Kiswahili na uwezo wa mwanafunzi kujitegemea
kivitendo katika majukumu kadha wa kadha anayopewa ndani na nje ya darasa, wajibu
hojaji/ jaribio la utafiti 24 sawa na asilimia 96 ya wote 25 – wakiwemo
wanafunzi wote wanane kutoka shule dhibitiwa walijibu “ndiyo” wakimaanisha
kuwepo kwa uhusiano.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Tofauti na kauli hiyo,
matokeo ya jaribio yameonyesha kutokuwepo kwa uhusiano wa dhahiri kati ya
mwanafunzi aliyesoma nadharia za uhakiki na asiyesoma. Hakuna m</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">jibu
jaribio la utafiti</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"> hata mmoja
aliyetaja au kubainisha nadharia iliyotumika kujenga hoja ya jibu lake. Hata
hivyo, majibu ya wa</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">jibu jaribio la utafiti</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"> watatu hayakuonyesha kuwapo kwa weledi wala desturi
ya kunakili kama kielelezo 1a, kielelezo 1b, na kielelezo 1c vinavyojibainisha.
Kwa maneno mengine, wa</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">jibu jaribio la utafiti</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"> hawa yaelekea walijikita katika kunakili kifungu cha
jaribio badala ya kujibu swali. Kielelezo 1a ni kazi ya mshiriki kutoka shule
dhibitiwa wakati kielelezo 1b na kielelezo 1c ni vya shule isiyodhibitiwa.
Vielelezo hivi vinadhihilisha kuwepo kwa tatizo zaidi ya kufundishwa au
kutokufundishwa kwa nadharia za uhakiki.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Kifungu cha habari katika
jaribio kimejengwa na tashihisi ambayo kandambili, mhusika mkuu anawalalamikia
wote wanaomtumia kwa manufaa binafsi lakini thamani yake kwa wanaomvaa ni ya
chini. Katika kujenga hoja ya kubainisha kama kifungu ni mfano wa kazi za
kifasihi ama la, ukiwaondoa wa</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">jibu jaribio la utafiti</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"> watatu waliotajwa awali, wa</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">jibu
jaribio la utafiti</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"> wengine
wawili, ambao wote wametoka shule dhibitiwa wamekiri ya kwamba kazi hii si ya
kifasihi. Ifuatazo ni sehemu ya hoja hizo:</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: .75in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0in;">
<b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Kielelezo 2a: </span></b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Hivyo tukiangalia vipengele vilivyotumika katika
kifungu cha habari hapo juu ni vipengele vichache hivyo ni dhahiri kwamba kazi
hii si ya kifasihi. Kwani ametumia sana fani kuliko maudhui ndio maana tunasema
kuwa kazi ya fasihi ni lazima iendane na fani na maudhui…. Ujumbe, mwandishi wa
kifungu hiki hana ujumbe kwani kandambili hutumika kulingana na mazingira….
Hivyo hatuoni umuhimu wa habari kuhusu kulalamika… (Jibu toka Jaribio la
Utafiti).</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Kinachojitokeza katika hoja
ya m</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">jibu
jaribio la utafiti</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"> huyu ni
kigezo cha idadi ya vipengele vya kisanaa vilivyotumika ambavyo kwake yeye ni
vichache kufanya kifungu cha habari kiwe kazi ya kifasihi. Pia kwake yeye,
hakuna uwiano wa fani na maudhui hali inayosababisha akiondoe kifungu hiki
katika kazi za kifasihi. M</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">jibu jaribio la utafiti huyu</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"> hata hivyo, habainishi namna utumizi wa fani
ulivyojenga maudhui. Hali hii imesababisha atoe kauli ya kuwa “mwandishi wa
kifungu hiki hana ujumbe….” Kwa kifupi, m</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">jibu jaribio la utafiti</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"> <span lang="EN-GB">huyu anajenga hoja ya kutokuwepo
ujumbe kwa kutumia maana ya kawaida na siyo ya kisanaa, yaani maana
iliyofichika ambayo Umbuji na Udenguzi huusisitiza. Kimsingi, vigezo vyake vya
idadi ya vipengele vya kisanaa, uwiano wa fani na maudhui, na utumizi wa maana
ya kawaida katika kufasili kifungu teule ni vya msingi na vinapaswa kuzingatiwa
kwani kila mtu ana namna yake ya kuona, kutambua, na kuelezea kitu – iwe kwa
“ukamilifu” ama la (T. </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Eagleton; 2008:14)</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 99.0pt; margin-right: .75in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -63.0pt;">
<b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Kielelezo 2b: …. </span></b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Ni kweli kuwa si kazi ya kifasihi kutokana na
kubainisha kazi yenyewe na kuangalia vipengele vyake ambavyo ni fani na
maudhui. Haijazingatia mtindo wa kazi ya kifasihi unaotakiwa kujumuisha vitu
mbalimbali kama tamathari za semi, mbinu nyingine za kisanaa, semi, uteuzi wa
lugha, na maumbo ya kuzingatia kiuandishi habari iliyopo juu haijazingatia vitu
hivyo japokuwa imetumia lugha…. Muundo wake ni kama habari.... habari hii
imefanikiwa tu kuwa na lugha ya kukipa kitu uwezo wa kibinadamu (mbinu hii
ameibainisha kuwa ni tashibiha – kitu ambacho siyo sahihi, usahihi hapa ni
tashihisi) kukipa kitu uwezo wa kutenda kama binadamu… (Jibu toka Jaribio la
Utafiti).</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Maelezo ya m</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">jibu
jaribio la utafiti</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"> huyu
hayajipambanui vema kumfanya msomaji kupata kiini cha hoja zake. Mathalani
ukiondoa nukuu hii, m</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">jibu jaribio la utafiti</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"> huyu anaelekea kuainisha sifa za fasihi kwa kutumia
vipengele vya fani na maudhui bila kubainisha endapo kifungu teule kimezingatia
sifa za kisanaa au la. Lengo la tathmini ya jaribio siyo kubainisha lipi ni
jibu sahihi ama wepi wamejibu kiufasaha, bali ni kulinganisha na kulinganua
uwezo binafsi kati ya mwanafunzi aliyejifunza nadharia na ambaye hajajifunza.
Huku ndiko kusema, siyo kazi ya mtafiti kuainisha majibu yepi ya wa</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">jibu
hojaji/ jaribio la utafiti</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">
“ni sahihi” au “si sahihi” kulingana na mtazamo na utetezi wa hoja husika.
Usahihi na usosahihi ni mambo ya kimtazamo zaidi, sawa na zilivyo nadharia
mbalimbali za uhakiki.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Kwa upande mwingine, wa</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">jibu
hojaji/ jaribio la utafiti</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">
16 sawa na asilimia 80 ya wanafunzi wote 20 wamebainisha kwamba kifungu teule
ni kazi ya kifasihi. Hata hivyo, wa</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">jibu hojaji/ jaribio la
utafiti</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"> 14 kati ya 16
wametumia kipengele cha fani pekee kujenga mijadala yao huku wakidondoa mifano
dhahiri kutoka ndani ya kifungu teule. Kwa maneno mengine, ni wa</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">jibu
jaribio la utafiti</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"> <span lang="EN-GB">wawili pekee kati ya 16 walioonyesha weledi katika kujibu swali la
kifungu cha habari, kama kielelezo 3a na kielelezo 3b vinavyoonyesha. Kielelezo
3a ni kutoka shule dhibitiwa ilhali kielelezo 3b kinatoka shule isiyodhibitiwa.
Wa</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">jibu jaribio la utafiti</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"> hawa pamoja na kutokuainisha nadharia walizotumia
kujenga hoja zao, bado wameweza kupambanua vipengele vya fani japo kwa jumla,
na kupitia kwavyo wamejenga tafsiri ya maana ya kifungu kizima. Vielelezo
vifuatavyo vinadhihirisha:</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .25in; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: .75in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0in;">
<b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Kielelezo 3a: </span></b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Mwandishi wa kazi hii ametumia maneno mbalimbali ili
kuibua hisia na watu wa namna hii waelewe haki zao mfano, <i>Ninavyodharauriwa
na kubezwa inasikitisha!</i> …. Hivyo basi mtu akisoma kazi hii atakombolewa
kifikra kama kazi nyingine za sanaa zifanyavyo. Umasikini pia umeonesha kuwa
wavaao kandambili ni masikini … (Jibu toka Jaribio la Utafiti). </span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .25in; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: .75in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0in;">
<b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Kielelezo 3b:</span></b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">….
Mwandishi wa habari hii ametumia lugha ya kifasihi (ngumu)… lugha ya kifasihi
zaidi ambayo kwa mtu asiyeijua hawezi kuelewa kile kilichokusudiwa na mwandishi.
Mfano ametumia lugha ya picha “kandambili” akimaanisha watu wa tabaka la chini,
masikini, watu wanaoonewa katika jamii… kandambili anaonekana kuwa ni mtu wa
tabaka la chini… anayetumikishwa kazi ngumu, … anayegandamizwa huku mhusika
kiatu anaonekana kuwa ni tabaka tawala anayethaminiwa… hivyo, kulingana na
mwandishi kuwachora hivyo ni dhahiri kuwa kazi hii ni ya kifasihi iliyoandikwa
kwa umahiri mkubwa sana kifasihi (Jibu toka Jaribio la Utafiti).</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Kielelezo 3b kinadhihirisha
uwezo binafsi wa mwanafunzi ambaye hakusoma nadharia za uhakiki lakini mjadala
wa hoja zake una mashiko ya kinadharia aghalabu Umbuji wa Kirusi na U - Marx
kwa kiasi chake ijapokuwa hakubainisha nadharia za uchambuzi wake. Kwa jumla,
vielelezo hivi viwili kwa kiasi fulani vimeonyesha mawanda ya uchambuzi wenye
kujikita katika mafunzo - linganishi.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Kwa upande mwingine,
chambuzi hizi hazina tofauti kubwa na chambuzi nyingi katika tahakiki
zinazopatikana ama mashuleni au vyuoni. Kwa maneno mengine, taswira
inayojengeka hapa inashabihiana na kauli ya mwalimu m</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">jibu
hojaji</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"> aliyesema:</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .25in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: .75in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Huwezi
amini wanafunzi wengi wanashindwa kujibu lile swali la kubaini mbinu za
kisanaa…. Na usijeshangaa hata matokeo ya jaribio lako yakawa hayaonyeshi
tofauti kati ya aliyesoma na ambaye hakusoma nadharia; kikubwa ni NECTA ndugu
yangu… (Hojaji kwa Walimu/ Mtaalamu Taasisi ya Elimu Tanzania).</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Kauli
hii inakaribiana kwa kiasi kikubwa na kauli ya mwalimu mjibu hojaji mwingine
aliyepitia majibu ya jaribio. Kwa mtazamo wake, suala la kutokuwapo kwa tofauti
kati ya wanafunzi waliosoma nadharia na wasiosoma ni kutokana na mambo kadhaa
ambayo ni pamoja na uzoefu wa wanafunzi katika uchambuzi wa kazi za fasihi,
kama anavyosema:</span></div>
</blockquote>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .25in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 63.35pt; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Unajua
kazi ya kuhakiki matini ya kifasihi huanzia kidato cha tatu, kwa mujibu wa
Muhtasari wa Kiswahili Sekondari. Kwa mtazamo wangu, hapa pana miaka takribani
minne inayompa mwanafunzi stadi za kuchambua kazi za kifasihi. Na kwa mfumo
wetu wa kusomea mitihani zaidi kuliko welewa binafsi, naamini matokeo ya
jaribio yameathiriwa kwa kiasi kikubwa na mafunzo waliyoyapata na wanayoendelea
kuyapata kwa walimu pia maandiko wanayoyatumia; nadhani hili linaweza kuwa na
mashiko hapa (Hojaji kwa Walimu/ Mtaalamu Taasisi ya Elimu Tanzania).</span></div>
</blockquote>
</div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .25in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Mantiki
ya mjibu hojaji huyu bila shaka inajaribu kutoa angalizo na fursa kwa tafiti
zinazohusiano na mada ambazo hazimo katika mihtasari kujikita zaidi katika
tafiti za muda mrefu, tena kuanzia kwenye kiini cha jambo husika. Mathalani,
kwa mujibu wa Muhtasri wa Kiswahili, kidato cha kwanza hadi cha nne, uchambuzi
wa kazi za kifasihi unapaswa kuanzia kidato cha tatu. Kwa msingi huu, utafiti
kama huu ungeweza kutoa majibu zaidi endapo, na endapo tu ungefanyika kwa
wanafunzi punde wanapoingia kidato cha tatu na kuendelea nao mpaka kidato cha
sita. Yaelekea huu ndiyo uliokuwa mtazamo wa mwalimu huyu.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<h1 style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">4. 6 Hitimisho</span></h1>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Kutokana
na matokeo yaliyopatikana katika utafiti huu, imebainika kwamba, nadharia ya
uhakiki si sehemu rasmi ya Muhtasari wa Kiswahili Sekondari, hivyo
kutokufundishwa, ingawa kwa nadra dhana zake hutajwa au kuelezwa kwa kifupi
pindi mwalimu anapoboresha ufafanuzi wa hoja au matini fulani.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Na kwamba, anayezifahamu dhana za nadharia za
uhakiki wa fasihi ya Kiswahili ni yule ama aliyezisoma au kuzizingatia wakati
zinapotajwa au kuelezwa darasani. Hoja hii inathibitisha kauli iliyotolewa na
mwalimu mmoja aliyenukuliwa katika sura ya kwanza akisema:</span></div>
</blockquote>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .25in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 59.05pt; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 405.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">...watajigawa
katika makundi, watabishana weee, mwishoni watafikia mwafaka... <i>ukisikiliza
vizuri uwasilishaji na mijadala yao, utagundua ujenzi wa hoja unaofungamana na
nadharia kadha wa kadha</i>.</span></div>
</blockquote>
</div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Uchunguzi umebaini kuwa wanafunzi wengi hawatambui
kuwa wao nao ni sehemu, tena sehemu kamili ya wahakiki wa kazi za kifasihi na
zisizokuwa za kifasihi. Pia, katika tahakiki mbalimbali zilizochunguzwa, haipo
hata moja inayojipambanua rasmi kwa kutaja aina ya nadharia ya uhakiki
inayoongoza uchambuzi wa kazi husika. Kinachojitokeza ni kwa msomaji anayezijua
nadharia hizi kutumia taaluma yake kuzibaini kama “alivyolalama” Njozi. Hali
hii inadhoofisha uandaaji na ustawi wa wataalamu chipukizi wa fani ya uhakiki
na tahakiki zenyewe kama walivyobainisha baadhi ya wa</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">jibu
hojaji/ jaribio la utafiti</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Aidha, mbinu ya mafunzo – linganishi inatumika kwa
mawanda finyu kutokana na kutokuwapo vitendea kazi vya kutosha kama vile
tahakiki mbalimbali, maandiko mbalimbali ya nadharia za uhakiki, pamoja na
walimu kukosa semina elekezi ama kabisa au za mara kwa mara. Hata pale Taasisi
ya Elimu Tanzania inapotoa semina au warsha kwa walimu na wakaguzi wa shule
wachache bado linakuwepo tatizo la ufuatiliaji au uchukuaji wa hatua za
kinidhamu kwa wote wasiotekeleza maagizo ya taasisi.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Zaidi,
wajibu hojaji/ jaribio la utafiti wengi wanakiri na kubaini kuwepo kwa uhusiano
wa msingi kati ya nadharia za uhakiki wa fasihi ya Kiswahili na uwezo wa
mwanafunzi kujitegemea kivitendo katika majukumu kadha wa kadha anayopewa ndani
na nje ya darasa. Kwani kwa njia ya kujifunza nadharia mbalimbali za uhakiki,
mwanafunzi na msomaji mwingine watakuwa na utambuzi kuwa hakuna jambo lenye
ukamilifu mkamilifu. Hivyo, kuondoa dhana ya kudharau au kupendelea kitu au
jambo fulani pekee. Matokeo yake ni kuheshimu na kutathmini mambo kwa kina,
kujituma, kuwajibika, kujali na kuzingatia, kujitegemea kifikra na kiutendaji,
kushirikiana na kushirikisha wengine, kujenga usikivu na utulivu, kujielimisha
na kuelimisha zaidi, na mengine mengi. Hatua hii ikifikiwa vema hujenga weledi,
utaifa, busara, heshima, ukombozi wa kweli na endelevu dhidi ya maadui wa
ustawi na maendeleo ya jamii katika ujumla wake.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Pia,
bado lipo tatizo kwa baadhi ya wanajamii ndani na nje ya shule mfano, viongozi,
wazazi, wanafunzi na walimu kuendeleza jadi ya njia - mkato katika kufanikisha
mambo mathalani, kuutafuta ufaulu kwa namna mbalimbali ikiwemo kutegemea
tahakiki kwa asilimia miamoja, huku baadhi ya walimu wakifanya kazi ya kuhakiki
vitabu kwa lengo la wanafunzi kukariri na kufaulu mitihani. Matokeo yake ni
wanafunzi kujifungia katika desturi ya utegemezi bila hata kukijua kitabu au
kuliona jalada la kitabu husika. Desturi hii haikomi; huendelea hata katika
masomo mengine na katika hatua zingine za usoni za kitaaluma na kiutendaji.
Uchunguzi umebaini kuwa tatizo hili linachangiwa kwa sehemu kubwa na mfumo wa
elimu, na soko la ajira.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Pamoja
na haya yote hata hivyo, jaribio limethibitisha kuwa hakuna tofauti ya kimtazamo
na kiutendaji kati ya mwanafunzi aliyesoma na ambaye hakusoma nadharia za
uhakiki wa fasihi ya Kiswahili. Kwa msingi huu, inaelekea kwa sasa hakuna
sababu za kuingiza nadharia za uhakiki katika muhtasari wa Kiswahili,
sekondari.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<h1 align="center" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">SURA YA TANO</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"></span></h1>
<h1 align="center" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">MAPENDEKEZO, NA HITIMISHO LA MIJADALA
YA UTAFITI</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"></span></h1>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<h1 style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">5. 1 Utangulizi</span></h1>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Msingi
mkuu wa sura hii uko katika kujumuisha yale yote yaliyojitokeza katika sura nne
za mwanzo, yaani sura ya kwanza, sura ya pili, sura ya tatu, na sura ya nne.
Sura hii inajenga mapendekezo na hitimisho kuu la mijadala ya utafiti huu kwa
kuzingatia vigezo anuai vilivyoongoza utafiti na uandishi wa tasnifu hii kama
vile: tatizo la utafiti,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>malengo ya
jumla, na malengo mahususi yaliyoongoza utafiti wa andiko hili, umuhimu wa
utafiti, mapitio ya maandiko, masuala ya mafao ya utafiti, matokeo ya utafiti -
uwasilishaji, uchambuzi na mjadala mzima wa data zilizopatikana kwa lengo la
kustawisha ufundishwaji wa fasihi ya Kiswahili katika shule za sekondari nchini
na nje ya Tanzania, pamoja na kujenga jukwaa / daraja kwa tafiti zingine
kufanyika.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<h1 style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">5.
2 </span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc306223174;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Hitimisho la Mijadala ya Utafiti</span></span></h1>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<h1 style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">5. 2. 1 Sababu
Zinazofanya Nadharia za Uhakiki Kutokuwemo katika Muhtasari wa Kiswahili Shule
za Sekondari.</span></h1>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Pamoja
na walimu wajibu hojaji kusisitiza mada ya nadharia za uhakiki wa fasihi
kuingizwa katika muhtasari wa Kiswahili, hususani kuanzia kidato cha tatu huku
“wakionyesha” kutokuridhishwa na utendaji wa Taasisi ya Elimu Tanzania kama
chanzo cha mada hii kutokuingizwa, utafiti umebaini kutokuwepo tofauti ya
kimtazamo na kiutendaji kati ya mwanafunzi aliyesoma na ambaye hajasoma
nadharia za uhakiki wa fasihi ya Kiswahili, kwa sasa. Matokeo haya yanafanana
na hoja ya mjibu hojaji kutoka Taasisi ya Elimu Tanzania anayedhani tatizo siyo
kutokuingizwa kwa nadharia za uhakiki katika muhtasari wa Kiswahili, sekondari
bali ni namna somo la Kiswahili linavyofundishwa mashuleni. Kipengele hiki
kinaashiria kuwepo kwa tatizo ambalo linahitaji utafiti wa kina zaidi kwani
Taasisi ya Elimu Tanzania inaelekea kutumia matokeo ya tafiti na majadiliano
mbalimbali kuamua mada zipi ziingizwe au zisiingizwe kwenye mihtasari wakati
walimu wanadhani kuna “wingu la sitofahamu” katika utendaji wa taasisi hii.
Aidha, utafiti umebaini kuwepo udhaifu katika kufuatilia na kuchukua hatua za
kinidhamu kwa walimu na wakaguzi wachache wanaohudhuria semina na warsha lakini
hawatekelezi maagizo yanayotolewa na Taasisi ya Elimu Tanzania. Hali hii ni
utumiaji wa rasilimali ambao hauleta tija kwa taifa na fasihi ya Kiswahili,
hivyo hatua stahiki, na za haraka zichukuliwe.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<h1 style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">5. 2. 2 Ufundishwaji wa
Nadharia za Uhakiki wa Fasihi ya Kiswahili katika Shule za Sekondari nchini
Tanzania</span></h1>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Utafiti
umebaini kuwa mada ya nadharia za uhakiki wa fasihi ya Kiswahili haifundishwi
kiufasaha. Badala yake kipengele hiki kimekuwa kama kiraka kwenye vazi la somo
la fasihi katika shule za sekondari. Yaani, dhana hizi huguswa tu pindi hitaji
la uboreshaji jambo linapojitokeza. Hii inatokana na mambo makuu mawili: (i)
Kipengele hiki kutokuwa sehemu rasmi ya Muhtasari wa Kiswahili katika shule za
sekondari, na (ii) Desturi iliyojengeka miongoni mwa wadau wa elimu, wakiwemo
walimu, wanafunzi, na watahini “kutokuruhusu” jambo ambalo si sehemu rasmi ya
Muhtasari kufundishwa au kuwa sehemu ya hoja katika mijadala au majibu ya mitihani
rasmi hata kama hitaji hilo lipo na ni kubwa miongoni mwa wadau wa elimu,
wanafunzi wakiwemo.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Utafiti
umebaini pia kuwepo kwa upungufu mkubwa wa vitendea kazi na wataalamu wa
fasihi. Vitabu hususani vya nadharia, na tahakiki mbalimbali mashuleni ni tatizo
kubwa. Hivyo, wanafunzi wengi kutegemea aina moja ya tahakiki na mwandishi,
jambo linaloua dhana ya ulinganifu na ulinganuzi wa hoja na mantiki miongoni
mwa wasomaji na wahakiki, wakiwemo wahakiki chipukizi. Hali hii imesababisha
baadhi ya wasomaji wakiwemo walimu na wanafunzi kutegemea na kukifanya kile
walichonacho kuwa “msahafu mtakatifu” wa shughuli na hoja zao hivyo kuathiri
ufundishwaji wa fasihi, nadharia za uhakiki zikiwemo. Kwa mujibu wa wajibu
hojaji/ jaribio la utafiti walio wengi, hali hii inadhoofisha utumizi fasaha wa
mbinu shirikishi, hususani mbinu ya mafunzo – linganishi.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<h1 style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">5. 2. 3 Uhusiano Uliopo
Kati ya Nadharia za Uhakiki wa Fasihi ya Kiswahili na Uwezo wa Mwanafunzi Kujitegemea
Kivitendo katika Majukumu Anayopewa Ndani na Nje ya Darasa</span></h1>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Pamoja
na nadharia za uhakiki wa fasihi ya Kiswahili kutokufundishwa kiufasaha katika
shule za sekondari, bado wajibu hojaji/ jaribio la utafiti wameeleza kuwepo kwa
uhusiano baina ya nadharia za uhakiki wa fasihi ya Kiswahili na uwezo wa
mwanafunzi kujitegemea kivitendo katika majukumu kadha wa kadha anayopewa ndani
na nje ya darasa. </span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Uhusiano
huo umo katika mzunguko wa maisha ya kila siku kwenye nyuga na nyakati husika. Kupitia
hojaji, utafiti umebaini kwamba, kwa kujifunza nadharia mbalimbali za uhakiki
wa fasihi ya Kiswahili, mwanafunzi na msomaji mwingine watakuwa na utambuzi
mpana zaidi wa kuyaakisi maisha halisi na idili zinazotawala maisha hayo kwa
kuzingatia msingi wa hoja kuwa, hakuna jambo au tukio lenye ukamilifu
mkamilifu. Jambo hili linaungwa mkono kwa kupembuliwa vizuri na mwanazuoni E. </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Kezilahabi katika <i>Nagona</i> (1990), na E. M.
Songoyi katika <i>Wimbo wa Binadamu Dunia na Bandari Salama </i>(1990). </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Hivyo,
kuondoa dhana ya kudharau au kupendelea kitu au jambo fulani pekee. Matokeo
yake ni kuheshimu na kutathmini mambo kwa kina, kujituma, kuwajibika, kujali na
kuzingatia, kujitegemea kifikra na kiutendaji, kujituma, kushirikiana na
kushirikisha wengine, kujenga usikivu na utulivu, kujielimisha na kuelimisha
zaidi, na mengine mengi. Huku ndiko kunakojenga weledi, utaifa, busara,
heshima, ukombozi wa kweli na endelevu dhidi ya maadui wa ustawi na maendeleo
ya jamii katika ujumla wake.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Uhusiano
huu unafanya hitaji la kuingizwa kwenye Muhtasari wa Kiswahili, shule za
sekondari, na tena kufundishwa kiweledi na kiustadi kwa kipengele cha nadharia
za uhakiki wa fasihi ya Kiswahili kuwa kubwa na la msingi. Kwani fasihi ni zao
na kioo cha jamii, lakini nadharia za uhakiki ni chujio na kioo cha fasihi hiyo
ya jamii. Nadharia mbalimbali ni jicho lililoko angani ili kuimulika dunia na
mfumo wa maisha ya watu wake kama ilivyo kwa jua na uso wa dunia. Katika
kufafanua hoja hii kwa kuzingatia matokeo ya utafiti kwa jumla, inaweza kusemwa
kwamba, nadharia za uhakiki ni jua, na fasihi ni dunia, hivyo nadharia
zinaimulika fasihi ambayo ni maisha ya jamii.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Matokeo
haya hata hivyo, yanapingana na matokeo ya jaribio la utafiti. Kwa mujibu wa
matokeo ya jaribio, hakuna uhusiano, yaani tofauti ya kimtazamo na kiutendaji
kati ya mwanafunzi aliyesoma na ambaye hakusoma nadharia za uhakiki wa fasihi
ya Kiswahili.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<h1 style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">5. 3 </span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc306223178;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Mapendekezo</span></span></h1>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Ujenzi na upatikanaji wa jamii bora ni matokeo ya
mambo mbalimbali mtambuka yanayotathminiwa na kutekelezwa kisayansi. Vivyo
hivyo kwa uga wa elimu na fasihi. Utafiti huu umechungua eneo moja kati ya
mengi yanayojenga weledi na umaizi kwa mwanafunzi, na msomaji wa fasihi ya
Kiswahili. Huku ndiko kusema, matokeo ya utafiti huu hayatakuwa yenye tija
endapo yatatazamwa kwa jicho la juu juu. Utekelezwaji wake unapaswa kuhusisha
makandokando yote yanayofungamana na fasihi na elimu vya waswahili, kiutendaji
na kisera. Katu matokeo haya yasitekelezwe kiyatima bali kifamilia kwa
kuhusisha nyanja zote zinazotakikana katika tasnia ya fasihi, na elimu ndani na
nje ya darasa.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Hivyo basi, inatarajiwa kuwa matokeo ya utafiti huu
yatakuwa ni chachu na changamoto kwa wadau mbalimbali wa fasihi na elimu
kutambua sababu, namna, na uhusiano wa kufundishwa au kutokufundishwa nadharia
za uhakiki wa fasihi ya Kiswahili katika shule za sekondari na taasisi za elimu
ya juu. Katika hatua hii wadau mbalimbali wanapaswa kuungana kuijenga jamii
mpya na endelevu, jamii yenye kuamua na kutenda mambo kwa kuyasawiri kiweledi
kupitia mbinu mbalimbali, nadharia za uhakiki zikiwemo. Baadhi ya wadau hao ni
pamoja na: Wizara ya Elimu na Mafunzo ya Ufundi, Taasisi ya Elimu Tanzania,
Watafiti mbalimbali katika uga wa fasihi, Walimu na Wanafunzi wa Kiswahili.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Matokeo yanathibitisha kuwa kwa sasa hakuna tofauti ya
kimtazamo na kiutendaji kati ya mwanafunzi aliyesoma na ambaye hakusoma
nadharia za uhakiki jambo linaloungwa mkono na Taasisi ya Elimu Tanzania. Hata
hivyo, walimu wa</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">jibu hojaji</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"> wanadhani kuna tofauti ya msingi hasa, na kwamba
tofauti hiyo itajipambanua vema pindi utafiti wa muda mrefu utakapofanyika
ukianzia darasa teule la kidato cha tatu na kuendelea na wanafunzi hao mpaka
kidato cha sita au zaidi. Hoja hii inashikamana vilivyo na matokeo ya hojaji na
uchunguzi. Kwa hali hii, panahitajika kufanyika utafiti wa muda mrefu
utakaoanza na wanafunzi teule ambao watakuwa sehemu ya utafiti tokea kidato cha
tatu hadi kidato cha sita, au zaidi ya hapo.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Utafiti umebaini pia kutokuwepo kwa mawasiliano mazuri
kati ya waandaa sera, mitaala, na mihtasari mathalani Taasisi ya Elimu Tanzania
na watekelezaji wa sera mashuleni hususani walimu. Hali hii imesababisha
“kunyoosheana vidole” kati ya pande hizi husika pindi walipokuwa wanabainisha
sababu za kutokuingizwa kwa mada ya nadharia za uhakiki katika muhtasari wa
Kiswahili, sekondari. Jambo hili linapaswa kurekebishwa haraka na kwa ufanisi
mkubwa ili kuboresha na kufikia malengo ya elimu, lugha, na fasihi, Tanzania.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Aidha, utafiti umebaini kuwa upungufu wa vitendea
kazi, na vyenye ubora, upungufu wa wataalamu wa fasihi hususani wa nadharia za
uhakiki, ukosefu wa semina, na mafunzo ya mara kwa mara kwa walimu watekeleza
sera mashuleni ni moja ya sababu zinazofanya somo la Kiswahili kutokufundishwa
kiufasaha ikiwemo mada ya nadharia za uhakiki. Pamoja na kwamba mada hii haimo
katika muhtasari, bado Taasisi ya Elimu Tanzania inawashauri walimu kuwa
wabunifu na kwa kufundisha kwao, inakuwa rahisi kwa taasisi hiyo kupata
mrejesho wa kipi kiondolewe, kiboreshwe au kiingizwe kwenye muhtasari.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<h1 style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">5. 4 Mchango wa Kazi Hii kwa Tafiti
Zijazo</span></h1>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Katika mtalaa huu, wadau mbalimbali wakiwemo watafiti
wanapaswa kuuhesabu utafiti huu kuwa daraja na rejeleo muhimu katika tafiti zao
zitakazohusiana na nadharia za uhakiki wa kazi za fasihi, na ufundishwaji wake.
Baadhi ya maeneo yanayohitaji tafiti zaidi ni pamoja na haya yafuatayo:</span></div>
</blockquote>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-list: l45 level1 lfo28; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">i.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Utafiti huu ulijikita katika njia kuu tatu
za ukusanyaji data – uchunguzi, hojaji, na jaribio. Kwa namna fulani njia hizi
zimetoa matokeo tofauti hususani katika vipengele vya sababu na uhusiano uliopo
kati ya nadharia za uhakiki wa fasihi ya Kiswahili na uwezo wa mwanafunzi
kujitegemea kivitendo katika majukumu kadha wa kadha anayopewa ndani na nje ya
darasa. Hivyo, utafiti wa kina zaidi na wa muda mrefu unahitajika katika
kusawazisha tofauti hii.</span></div>
</blockquote>
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-list: l45 level1 lfo28; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ii.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Kijiografia, utafiti huu ulijikita
katika shule mbili za sekondari zenye kidato cha tano na sita, Wilayani Bunda,
Mkoa wa Mara. Bila shaka, kunaweza kukawa na matokeo tofauti au yenye mawanda
mapana zaidi kutoka tafiti zitakazofanywa katika maeneo mingine. Hivyo, kuna
umuhimu wa kutathmini matokeo ya utafiti huu katika maeneo mengine.</span></div>
</blockquote>
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-list: l45 level1 lfo28; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">iii.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Baadhi ya wajibu hojaji hususani walimu
wanadhani uteuzi wa wanafunzi wa Kiswahili, kidato cha sita kuwa wajibu hojaji/
jaribio la utafiti haukuwa sahihi kwani “…uzoefu wa watoto wengi tulio nao, una
chembechembe zilizojaa dhana ya ‘ufaulu mzuri’ na kwa namna ‘yoyote iwayo’…
umechangia kwa kiasi kikubwa kuleta tofauti ya kimatokeo kati ya hojaji na
jaribio.”<b> </b>Kwa muktadha huu, ama ni kweli au si kweli tafiti zinapaswa
kufanyika kwa kuwatumia wajibu hojaji/ jaribio la utafiti wengine “… hususani
kidato cha tatu maana hawa ndiyo wanaotakiwa kuanza shughuli za uhakiki kwa
mujibu wa muhtasari wa kidato cha kwanza hadi cha nne….”</span></div>
</blockquote>
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-list: l45 level1 lfo28; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">iv.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Muda wa utafiti huu ulikuwa ni miezi
mitatu. Pamoja na yote yaliyojili katika utafiti huu, bado watafiti wanaweza
kufanya utafiti wao kwa kipindi kirefu zaidi ili kutathmini kiwango cha athari
zinazoweza kusabababishwa kwa kufundishwa au kutokufundishwa kwa nadharia za
uhakiki wa fasihi katika shule za sekondari kama walivyobainisha baadhi ya wajibu
hojaji/ jaribio la utafiti.</span></div>
</blockquote>
</div>
<ol start="5" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="i">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-list: l45 level1 lfo28; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Utafiti
huu uliziteua nadharia za U - Marx na Umbuji wa Kirusi kuwa nadharia teule
za jaribio la utafiti ilhali mafunzo – linganishi kuwa nadharia teule ya
utafiti katika kubainisha na kuelezea sababu, namna, na uhusiano wa
ufundishaji wa nadharia za uhakiki wa fasihi ya Kiswahili katika shule za
sekondari, Tanzania. Watafiti wengine wanaweza ama (i) kujipambanua kwa
kutathmini ufundishwaji wa nadharia moja ama kadhaa, au (ii) wakafanya
utafiti wa mada hii (<i>Ufundishaji wa Nadharia za Uhakiki wa Fasihi ya
Kiswahili katika Tanzania</i>) kama ilivyo lakini kwa kuongozwa na
nadharia teule tofauti na zilizotumika kuongoza kazi hii.</span></blockquote>
</li>
</ol>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<h1 style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">5. 5 Hitimisho la Jumla</span></h1>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Ukombozi wa kweli na
endelevu katika jamii ni msingi wa ustawi na maendeleo ya wanajamii wenyewe.
Hatua hii hailetwi kwa njozi bali kwa vitendo stahiki kwa kutumia rasilimali
zinazopatikana katika jamii husika. Miongoni mwa raslimali hizo ni pamoja na
kuwepo kwa utafiti kama huu unaohusiana na ufundishaji wa nadharia za uhakiki
wa fasihi ya Kiswahili katika ngazi ya sekondari kwa faida ya waswahili na
fasihi yao.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Kwa sasa hapajaweza
kubainika tofauti ya kimtazamo na kiutendaji kati ya mwanafunzi aliyejifunza na
ambaye hajajifunza nadharia za uhakiki wa fasihi ya Kiswahili ijapokuwa baadhi
ya wa</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">jibu
hojaji/ jaribio la utafiti</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"> <span lang="EN-GB">hususani walimu wanaelekea kupinga matokeo haya, hasa ya jaribio la
utafiti. Pamoja na sababu za kutaka mada ya nadharia kuingizwa ama
kutokuingizwa katika muhtasari wa Kiswahili, sekondari hata hivyo, lipo tatizo
la msingi katika ufundishaji na uhakiki wa kazi za kifasihi ngazi ya sekondari.
Aidha, utafiti umebainisha kuwa ni busara kubainishwa na kuainishwa kwanza
nadharia ya uhakiki itakayotumika kuongoza mjadala au uhakiki wa kazi za
kifasihi ili kuisaidia jamii kutoa hukumu “ya haki” kwa mawazo / wazo au
tahakiki husika.</span></span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Kwa kuyazingatia haya, bila
shaka ufundishaji wa nadharia za uhakiki wa fasihi ya Kiswahili kwa ngazi ya
sekondari utaboreka kwani kwa mujibu wa Taasisi ya Elimu Tanzania “</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">mwalimu
hafungwi na muhtasari kufundisha kitu anachohisi kina tija kwa wanafunzi….</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Lakini
tafiti zitabainisha….” Na “…endapo kuna kipengele hakimo katika muhtasari ni
ama hakipaswi kuwekwa katika ngazi husika ya kitaaluma au bado kinajadiliwa ili
kuona uwezekano wa kukiingiza au la.”</span></div>
</blockquote>
<h1 align="center" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc306223181"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">MAREJEO</span></a><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></h1>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Abdullah,
M. S. (). <i>Mzimu wa Watu wa Kale</i>.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Achebe, C. (1958). <i>Things fall Apart</i>. ———</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Achebe, C. (1966). <i>A Man of the People</i>. ———</span></div>
</blockquote>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ary,
D., et al. (2006<i>)</i>.<i> Introduction to Research in Education</i>. New
York: Harcout Brace College.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bertoncini,
E. Z. (1989). <i>Outline of Swahili literature: prose fiction and drama</i>.
Leiden/New York/ København/Köln: E. J. Brill.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Bukagile, G. R., et al. (2008). <i>Advanced level:
literature form 5 & 6</i>. Dar es salaam: Nyambari Nyangwine Publishers.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Carson, B. (1992). <i>Think
big</i>. Michigan: Zondervan.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Daniel,
K. (1997). <i>Elements of literature: introduction course</i> (6<sup>th</sup>
Edit.). Austin: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dubos,
R. (1968). <i>So Human and Animal: how we are shaped by surroundings and events</i>.
NY / Canada: Charles Scribrery Sons.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Duerden,
D & Pieterse, C. (wahariri). (1988). <i>African writers talking</i>. UK:
Heinmann International Publishing, Oxford.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Eagleton,
T. (2008). <i>Literary theory: An Introduction</i>. (Anniversary Edit.). Uk:
Blackwell Publishers Ltd.</span></div>
</blockquote>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Eagleton,
T. (1998). <i>Criticism and ideology</i>. London: Verso.</span></div>
</blockquote>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Eichenbaum,
B. (1998). Introduction to the formal method. Katika </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">J. Rivkin, & M. Ryan (wahariri), <i>Literary
theory: An Anthology</i>. Uk: Blackwell Publishers Ltd.</span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Encarta Dictionaries & Encyclopaedia 2009.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Ferster, J. (1947). <i>Arguing through literature: a
thematic anthology and guide to academic writing</i>. New York: McGraw – Hill.</span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Gardner,
H. (1982). <i>Art, mind, and Brain: a cognitive approach to creativity</i>. New
York: Basic Books, Inc. publishers.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Haji, A. I. (1981). Misingi ya uhakiki. katika A. I.
Haji et al., (wahariri), <i>Misingi ya nadharia ya uhakiki</i>. Zanzibar:
TAKILUKI.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Harrison,
A. (1990). <i>Mastering philosophy</i>. London: The MaCmillan Press Ltd.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Hussein, E. N. (1970). <i>Wakati Ukuta na Aliyekiona</i>.
Dar es salaam / Kampala / Nairobi: East African Publishing House.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Kadeghe, M. (—). <i>The real English text book</i>. —</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Kawooya, V & Makokha, J. K. S. (2006). Post
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Madumulla (wahariri.), <i>Makala ya kongamano la kimataifa</i>.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
University of Dar es salaam: TUKI.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Kezilahabi, E. (1988 / 1971).
<i>Rosa Mistika</i>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Dar es salaam
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Kezilahabi, E. (1990). <i>Nagona
</i>na <i>Mzingile</i>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Dar es salaam
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kezilahabi,
E. (1995).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Siasa, teknolojia na ukuaji
wa fasihi ya Kiswahili. Katika <i>Kioo cha lugha: jarida la Kiswahili la isimu
na fasihi,</i> 1, 55-56. University of Dar es salaam: TUKI.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Kiango, S. D. (1993). Utangulizi: nadharia mbalimbali
katika uhakiki. Katika M. M. Msokile, <i>Misingi ya uhakiki wa fasihi</i>.
Nairobi: East African Educational Publishers Ltd.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Kothari, C. R. (1993). <i>Research methodology: methods
and techniques</i>. New Delhi: Wiley Eastern Ltd.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Lodge,
D., & Wood, N. (wahariri). (2000). <i>Modern Criticism and Theory: A Reader</i>
2<sup>nd</sup> Edition. UK: Pearson Education Ltd.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Lunacharsky, A. (1973). <i>On literature and art </i>(2<sup>nd</sup>
Edition). Moscow: Progress publishers.</span></div>
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and interaction </i>2<sup>nd</sup> Edition. London: SAGE publishers.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Songoyi,
E. M. (1990). <i>Looking at language three</i>. DUP</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Songoyi, E. M. (2008). Reflections on literature and
literary criticism. The University of Dodoma: Department of Foreign Languages
and Literature.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Songoyi, E. M. (1990). <i>Wimbo wa binadamu dunia na
bandari salama</i>. Peramiho: Benedictine Publication Ndanda.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">The Great Books Foundation. (1990). <i>Introduction to
Great Books </i>(2<sup>nd</sup> series).———</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">The
Ministry of National Education. (1982). <i>Secondary school syllabuses:
languages – English form V-VI, Kiswahili kidato cha VI</i> (Vol. 6). Dar es
salaam University Press.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">The
University of Dodoma. (2008). <i>Dissertations Theses and other Publications
Preparation Guidelines</i>. Directorate of Graduate Studies.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">The
University of Dodoma. (2009). Almanac for full time graduate programmes 2009 / 2010
academic year. Directorate of Graduate Studies.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">The
University of Dodoma. (2009). <i>Higher degrees prospectus 2009/10</i>. The
University of Dodoma: The office of the Deputy Vice Chancellor, Academic,
Research and Consultancy.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">The
World Book. (1986). <i>Learning Library: reports and term papers </i>(Vol. 5).
New York: World Book, Inc.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">United
Bible Societies. (1952). <i>Maandiko Matakatifu ya Mungu Yaitwayo BIBLIA</i>.—</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Wafula,
R. M. (1999). <i>Uhakiki wa tamthiliya: historia na maendeleo Yake</i>.
Nairobi: Jomo Kenyatta Foundation.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Wamitila,
K. W. (2000). <i>Uhakiki wa fasihi: misingi na vipengele vyake</i>. Nairobi:
Phoenix Publishers Ltd.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Williams, R. (1977). <i>Marxism and literature</i>.
Oxford University Press.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Wizara
ya Elimu na Mafunzo ya Ufundi. (2009). <i>Muhtasari wa Kiswahili kwa elimu ya
sekondari kidato cha V-VI</i>. Dar es salaam: Taasisi ya Elimu Tanzania.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Wizara
ya Elimu na Utamaduni. (1997). <i>Muhtasari wa Kiswahili kwa elimu ya sekondari
kidato cha I-IV, kidato cha V-VI</i>. Dar es salaam: Taasisi ya Elimu Tanzania.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Wizara
ya Elimu ya Taifa. (1975). <i>Muhtasari wa sekondari: Kiswahili kidato cha sita</i>.—</span></div>
</blockquote>
</div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Wright, E. (1991). Modern psychoanalytic criticism.
Katika A. Jefferson & D. Robery (wahariri),<i> Modern literary theory</i>.
London: B. T. Batsford</span></div>
</blockquote>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<h1 align="center" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">VIAMBATISHO MBALIMBALI</span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></h1>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<h2 style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Kiambatisho cha Kwanza: HOJAJI KWA
WALIMU WA KISWAHILI/MTAALAMU TAASISI YA ELIMU TANZANIA</span></h2>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-element: para-border-div; padding: 0in 0in 1.0pt 0in;">
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 1.0pt 0in; padding: 0in; text-align: right;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Shule:…………………..</span></b></div>
</div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Mimi ni mwanafunzi wa Shahada ya Uzamili ya Sanaa
katika Fasihi ya Kiswahili, Chuo Kikuu cha Dodoma. Nipo katika utafiti unaohusu
</span></b><b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ufundishaji wa Nadharia za Uhakiki wa Fasihi ya
Kiswahili katika Shule za Sekondari Nchini Tanzania</span></i></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">.
Lengo kuu ni kutathmini namna mada hii inavyofundishwa hata kumjengea
mwanafunzi ujuzi na weledi wa kuzikabili changamoto mbalimbali anazokumbana
nazo ndani na nje ya darasa. Katika utafiti huu kila jibu ni sahihi na muhimu
sana, kwani kinachotakiwa ni mtazamo wako kulingana na kipengele husika.
Tafadhali eleza au weka tiki [√]</span></b><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"> katika kiboma unachodhani ni sahihi kwa mujibu wa
mtazamo wako.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Mawazo yako ni MUHIMU
SANA, na yatakuwa ni SIRI.</span></b></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">A:</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
HABARI BINAFSI</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Jinsi</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">:
[<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>] Ke<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>[<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>] Me</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kiwango
cha Elimu</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">: [<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>]
Diploma<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>[<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>] Shahada ya Kwanza<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>[<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>]<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Shahada ya Uzamili</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Masomo
uliyosomea</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">: …........................<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><b>Masomo unayofundisha</b>: …….……………...</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Umri
kazini</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">: ………… <b>Uzoefu katika kufundisha somo/masomo hayo</b>:
.….…………</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">B:</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
MASWALI YA UTAFITI</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l48 level1 lfo44; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kwa mujibu wa Muhtasari wa Kiswahili
shule za sekondari, nadharia za uhakiki wa fasihi ya Kiswahili kama vile Umarx
na Umbuji siyo mada rasmi zinazopaswa kufundishwa mashuleni. Kwa mtazamo wako,
ni sababu zipi zinazofanya mada hii kutokuwemo katika Muhtasari wa Kiswahili
shule za sekondari? ……………………</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">…………………………………………………………………………………………</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l48 level1 lfo44; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pamoja na mada hii kutokuwemo katika
Muhtasari wa Kiswahili shule za sekondari Je, unazifundisha nadharia za uhakiki
wa fasihi kwa wanafunzi wako?</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>]<b> Ndiyo </b>[<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>] <b>Hapana</b></span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Iwapo
jibu ni <b>Ndiyo</b>, kwa nini unazifundisha? ………………………………………….………………………………………………………………………………</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Iwapo
jibu ni <b>Hapana</b>, kwa nini hauzifundishi mada hii? ……………………………...</span></div>
</blockquote>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">……………………………………………………………………………………</span></div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l48 level1 lfo44; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Ni
njia zipi / ipi unayoitumia kufundisha mada ya nadharia za uhakiki, na kwa nini
iwe njia hiyo/ hizo? …………………………………………………………………...</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">…………........................................................................................................................</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l48 level1 lfo44; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Kwa mtazamo
wako, unadhani mada ya nadharia za uhakiki inafaa kufundishwa kuanzia kidato
cha ngapi? …………………………………………………………….</span></div>
</blockquote>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<br /></div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kwa
nini kidato hicho</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">? ……………………………………………………………...</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">…………………………………………………………………………………………</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l48 level1 lfo44; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kwa mtazamo wako, unadhani kuna uhusiano
kati ya mwanafunzi kujifunza nadharia za uhakiki na uwezo wake katika
kuzikabili changamoto mbalimbali ndani na nje ya darasa?</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>] <b>Ndiyo<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b>[<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>]<b> Hapana<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b>[<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>]<b> Kiasi</b></span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 16.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kwa
nini <b>Ndiyo</b>/<b>Hapana?</b> ………..…………………………………………………...</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">…………………………………………………………………………………..…</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l48 level1 lfo44; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Nini tathmini
yako juu ya mada ya nadharia za uhakiki kutokuwemo katika Muhtasari wa
Kiswahili sekondari? …………………………………………………..</span></div>
</blockquote>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">ASANTE
SANA KWA USHIRIKIANO</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Furaha
J. Masatu</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">0755
- 510 589 / 0715 – 510 588 / 0688 – 50 50 10</span></div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<h2 style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Kiambatisho cha Pili: HOJAJI KWA
WANAFUNZI WA KISWAHILI KIDATO CHA SITA</span></h2>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-element: para-border-div; padding: 0in 0in 1.0pt 0in;">
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 1.0pt 0in; padding: 0in; text-align: right;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Shule</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">:…………………..</span></div>
</div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Mimi ni mwanafunzi wa Shahada ya Uzamili ya Sanaa
katika Fasihi ya Kiswahili, Chuo Kikuu cha Dodoma. Nipo katika utafiti unaohusu
</span></b><b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ufundishaji wa Nadharia ya Uhakiki wa Fasihi ya
Kiswahili katika Shule za Sekondari Nchini Tanzania</span></i></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">.
Lengo kuu ni kutathmini namna mada hii inavyofundishwa hata kumjengea
mwanafunzi ujuzi na weledi wa kuzikabili changamoto mbalimbali anazokumbana
nazo ndani na nje ya darasa. Katika utafiti huu kila jibu ni sahihi na muhimu
sana, kwani kinachotakiwa ni mtazamo wako kulingana na kipengele husika.
Tafadhali eleza au weka tiki [√]</span></b><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"> katika kiboma unachodhani ni sahihi kwa mujibu wa
mtazamo wako.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Mawazo yako ni MUHIMU
SANA, na yatakuwa ni SIRI.</span></b></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">MASWALI</span></u></div>
</blockquote>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l27 level1 lfo17; tab-stops: list .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Mada
ya nadharia za uhakiki wa fasihi ya Kiswahili siyo mada rasmi katika Muhtasari
wa Kiswahili, sekondari ijapokuwa inasadikiwa kufundishwa mashuleni. Je,
mnaisoma mada hii shuleni kwako? ………………………………………………</span></div>
</blockquote>
</div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Kama
mnajifunza</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">,
tafadhari fafanua namna inavyofundishwa.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l27 level1 lfo17; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Je,
umewahi kuzisikia dhana zifuatazo?</span></div>
</blockquote>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Nimeisikia<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Sijaisikia</span></div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l27 level2 lfo17; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">i.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Umarx<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>[<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>]<b> </b><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>[<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>]<b> </b><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l27 level2 lfo17; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ii.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Umbuji<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>[<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>]<b> </b><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>[<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>]<b> </b><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l27 level2 lfo17; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">iii.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Ufeministi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>[<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>]<b> </b><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>[<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>]</span></div>
</blockquote>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l27 level1 lfo17; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">(a)
Kama umewahi kuzisikia / kuisikia, Je, ulizisikia / uliisikia wapi?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">……………………………………………………………………………………</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">(b) Ulisikia zikielezwaje
/ ikielezwaje?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">(c) Kwa mawazo
yako, unazielezaje dhana za Umarx, Umbuji, na Ufeministi?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">..................................................................................................................................
……………………………………………………………………………………..</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l27 level1 lfo17; tab-stops: list .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Nadharia za uhakiki wa fasihi ya
Kiswahili siyo mada rasmi katika Muhtasari wa Kiswahili, sekondari, kwa mtazamo
wako, unadhani kuna uhusiano kati ya mwanafunzi kujifunza nadharia za uhakiki
na uwezo wake katika kuzikabili changamoto mbalimbali ndani na nje ya darasa?</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>] <b>Ndiyo<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b>[<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>]<b> Hapana<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b>[<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>]<b> Kiasi</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 16.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kwa
nini <b>Ndiyo </b>/ <b>Hapana?</b> ………..…………………………………………………</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l27 level1 lfo17; tab-stops: list .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Nini
tathmini yako juu ya mada ya nadharia za uhakiki kutokuwemo katika Muhtasari wa
Kiswahili sekondari? …………………………………………………..</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">…………………………………………………………………………………………..………..………………………………………………………………………………</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">ASANTE SANA KWA
USHIRIKIANO</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Furaha
J. Masatu</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">0755
- 510 589 / 0715 – 510 588 / 0688 – 50 50 10</span></div>
<h1 align="center" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc306223185"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Kiambatisho cha Tatu: Fomu ya Uchunguzi</span></a><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></h1>
<div style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-element: para-border-div; padding: 0in 0in 1.0pt 0in;">
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 1.0pt 0in; padding: 0in; text-align: right;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Shule: ………………………</span></b></div>
</div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">FOMU
YA KUMUONGOZA MTAFITI KATIKA UCHUNGUZI</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Swali la kuongoza uchunguzi wa mtafiti</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Je, nadharia ya uhakiki wa Fasihi ya
Kiswahili inajumuishwa katika kujifunza Fasihi ya Kiswahili katika Shule za
Sekondari nchini Tanzania?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">(<b>weka tiki √ sehemu inayohusika</b>)</span><br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> Ndiyo<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Kiasi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Hapana</span></blockquote>
</div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l30 level1 lfo45; tab-stops: list 1.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">i.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="height: 12px; left: 0px; margin-left: 479px; margin-top: 6px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 30px; z-index: 251643904;"><img height="12" src="file:///C:\Users\ERIC\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image002.png" width="30" /></span><span style="height: 12px; left: 0px; margin-left: 551px; margin-top: 6px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 24px; z-index: 251644928;"><img height="12" src="file:///C:\Users\ERIC\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image003.png" width="24" /></span><span style="height: 12px; left: 0px; margin-left: 395px; margin-top: 6px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 27px; z-index: 251642880;"><img height="12" src="file:///C:\Users\ERIC\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image004.png" width="27" /></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-no-proof: yes;">Kazi
(mazoezi) anazopewa mwanafunzi</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l30 level1 lfo45; tab-stops: list 1.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ii.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="height: 12px; left: 0px; margin-left: 479px; margin-top: 5px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 30px; z-index: 251646976;"><img height="12" src="file:///C:\Users\ERIC\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image002.png" width="30" /></span><span style="height: 12px; left: 0px; margin-left: 551px; margin-top: 5px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 24px; z-index: 251648000;"><img height="12" src="file:///C:\Users\ERIC\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image003.png" width="24" /></span><span style="height: 12px; left: 0px; margin-left: 395px; margin-top: 5px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 27px; z-index: 251645952;"><img height="12" src="file:///C:\Users\ERIC\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image004.png" width="27" /></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-no-proof: yes;">Notisi
za mwalimu na mwanafunzi</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l30 level1 lfo45; tab-stops: list 1.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">iii.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="height: 11px; left: 0px; margin-left: 479px; margin-top: 5px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 30px; z-index: 251650048;"><img height="11" src="file:///C:\Users\ERIC\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image005.png" width="30" /></span><span style="height: 11px; left: 0px; margin-left: 551px; margin-top: 5px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 24px; z-index: 251651072;"><img height="11" src="file:///C:\Users\ERIC\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image006.png" width="24" /></span><span style="height: 11px; left: 0px; margin-left: 395px; margin-top: 5px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 27px; z-index: 251649024;"><img height="11" src="file:///C:\Users\ERIC\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image007.png" width="27" /></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-no-proof: yes;">Azimio
la somo</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l30 level1 lfo45; tab-stops: list 1.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">iv.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="height: 11px; left: 0px; margin-left: 479px; margin-top: 4px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 30px; z-index: 251653120;"><img height="11" src="file:///C:\Users\ERIC\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image005.png" width="30" /></span><span style="height: 11px; left: 0px; margin-left: 551px; margin-top: 4px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 24px; z-index: 251654144;"><img height="11" src="file:///C:\Users\ERIC\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image006.png" width="24" /></span><span style="height: 11px; left: 0px; margin-left: 395px; margin-top: 4px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 27px; z-index: 251652096;"><img height="11" src="file:///C:\Users\ERIC\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image007.png" width="27" /></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-no-proof: yes;">Andalio
la somo</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l30 level1 lfo45; tab-stops: list 1.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="height: 12px; left: 0px; margin-left: 479px; margin-top: 3px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 30px; z-index: 251656192;"><img height="12" src="file:///C:\Users\ERIC\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image002.png" width="30" /></span><span style="height: 12px; left: 0px; margin-left: 551px; margin-top: 3px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 24px; z-index: 251657216;"><img height="12" src="file:///C:\Users\ERIC\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image003.png" width="24" /></span><span style="height: 12px; left: 0px; margin-left: 395px; margin-top: 3px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 27px; z-index: 251655168;"><img height="12" src="file:///C:\Users\ERIC\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image004.png" width="27" /></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-no-proof: yes;">Muhtasari
wa kiswahili</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l30 level1 lfo45; tab-stops: list 1.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">vi.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="height: 12px; left: 0px; margin-left: 551px; margin-top: 2px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 27px; z-index: 251660288;"><img height="12" src="file:///C:\Users\ERIC\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image004.png" width="27" /></span><span style="height: 12px; left: 0px; margin-left: 479px; margin-top: 2px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 30px; z-index: 251659264;"><img height="12" src="file:///C:\Users\ERIC\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image002.png" width="30" /></span><span style="height: 12px; left: 0px; margin-left: 431px; margin-top: 2px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 27px; z-index: 251658240;"><img height="12" src="file:///C:\Users\ERIC\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image004.png" width="27" /></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-no-proof: yes;">Karatasi
ya 2 ya Mtihani wa Taifa,</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> 2006 - 2010</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l30 level1 lfo45; tab-stops: list 1.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">vii.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="height: 12px; left: 0px; margin-left: 551px; margin-top: 1px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 27px; z-index: 251663360;"><img height="12" src="file:///C:\Users\ERIC\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image008.png" width="27" /></span><span style="height: 12px; left: 0px; margin-left: 479px; margin-top: 1px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 30px; z-index: 251662336;"><img height="12" src="file:///C:\Users\ERIC\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image009.png" width="30" /></span><span style="height: 12px; left: 0px; margin-left: 419px; margin-top: 1px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 27px; z-index: 251661312;"><img height="12" src="file:///C:\Users\ERIC\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image008.png" width="27" /></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-no-proof: yes;">Vitabu/marejeleo
teule</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l30 level1 lfo45; tab-stops: list 1.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">viii.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Vitabu/Marejeleo mengine yanayotumika
kujifunzia fasihi ya Kiswahili</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo46; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout; position: relative; z-index: 251666432;"><span style="height: 12px; left: 0px; left: 563px; position: absolute; top: -1px; width: 27px;"><img height="12" src="file:///C:\Users\ERIC\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image004.png" width="27" /></span></span><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout; position: relative; z-index: 251665408;"><span style="height: 12px; left: 0px; left: 503px; position: absolute; top: -1px; width: 30px;"><img height="12" src="file:///C:\Users\ERIC\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image002.png" width="30" /></span></span><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout; position: relative; z-index: 251664384;"><span style="height: 12px; left: 0px; left: 419px; position: absolute; top: -1px; width: 27px;"><img height="12" src="file:///C:\Users\ERIC\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image004.png" width="27" /></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-no-proof: yes;">Yanayotumiwa
na walimu pekee</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo46; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="height: 12px; left: 0px; margin-left: 563px; margin-top: 10px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 27px; z-index: 251669504;"><img height="12" src="file:///C:\Users\ERIC\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image004.png" width="27" /></span><span style="height: 12px; left: 0px; margin-left: 503px; margin-top: 10px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 30px; z-index: 251668480;"><img height="12" src="file:///C:\Users\ERIC\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image002.png" width="30" /></span><span style="height: 12px; left: 0px; margin-left: 431px; margin-top: 10px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 27px; z-index: 251667456;"><img height="12" src="file:///C:\Users\ERIC\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image004.png" width="27" /></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-no-proof: yes;">Yanayotumiwa
na wanafunzi pekee</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo46; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="height: 12px; left: 0px; margin-left: 515px; margin-top: 9px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 30px; z-index: 251672576;"><img height="12" src="file:///C:\Users\ERIC\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image009.png" width="30" /></span><span style="height: 12px; left: 0px; margin-left: 551px; margin-top: 9px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 30px; z-index: 251670528;"><img height="12" src="file:///C:\Users\ERIC\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image009.png" width="30" /></span><span style="height: 12px; left: 0px; margin-left: 599px; margin-top: 9px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 27px; z-index: 251671552;"><img height="12" src="file:///C:\Users\ERIC\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image008.png" width="27" /></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Yanayotumiwa na makundi
yote mawili kwa ushirikiano</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Iwapo
inajumuishwa ni kwa kiasi gani? </span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<h1 align="center" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-language: #00FF;">Kiambatisho
cha Nne: Ufahamu na Swali la Utafiti</span></h1>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-language: #00FF;">Chanzo cha Kifungu cha Habari</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-language: #00FF;">:</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"> <span lang="EN-GB">Mtihani wa Taifa, Kiswahili, Karatasi ya Pili kwa Watahiniwa
Wasiokuwa Shuleni – Ijumaa, 12 Februari 2010 Asubuhi (Sehemu E: Usanifu wa
Maandishi).</span></span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Mtunzi wa Swali</span></b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">: Furaha J. Masatu</span></div>
</blockquote>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<h1 style="text-align: justify;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc306223187"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-language: #00FF;">Kiambatanisho cha Tano: Vielelezo vya Majibu
Yatokanayo na Jaribio la Utafiti</span></a><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-language: #00FF;"></span></h1>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;"><img height="863" src="file:///C:\Users\ERIC\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image013.jpg" width="621" /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;"><img height="873" src="file:///C:\Users\ERIC\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image015.jpg" width="618" /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;"><img height="611" src="file:///C:\Users\ERIC\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image017.jpg" width="624" /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;"><img height="1077" src="file:///C:\Users\ERIC\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image019.jpg" width="623" /></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;"><img height="897" src="file:///C:\Users\ERIC\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image021.jpg" width="617" /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;"><img height="756" src="file:///C:\Users\ERIC\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image025.jpg" width="622" /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;"><img height="864" src="file:///C:\Users\ERIC\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image027.jpg" width="623" /></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;"><img height="976" src="file:///C:\Users\ERIC\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image029.jpg" width="621" /></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;"><img height="998" src="file:///C:\Users\ERIC\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image031.jpg" width="622" /></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;"><img height="354" src="file:///C:\Users\ERIC\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image033.jpg" width="622" /></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div>
<h1 align="center" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc306223188"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">HABARI NYINGINEZO</span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc306223188;"></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"></span></h1>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Jedwali 2: Bajeti</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid black; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid black; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 160;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 42.85pt;" valign="top" width="57"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">S/NO</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.75in;" valign="top" width="264"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Mahitaji</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Idadi/kiasi</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Kiasi cha Fedha</span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 42.85pt;" valign="top" width="57"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l28 level1 lfo25; text-align: center; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.75in;" valign="top" width="264"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Printa
(<i>Canon </i><i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>three in one</i>)</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">1</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">400, 000/-</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 42.85pt;" valign="top" width="57"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l28 level1 lfo25; text-align: center; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.75in;" valign="top" width="264"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Rimu</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">7</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">42, 000/-</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 42.85pt;" valign="top" width="57"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l28 level1 lfo25; text-align: center; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.75in;" valign="top" width="264"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Note book</span></i></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">1</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">3, 000/-</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 42.85pt;" valign="top" width="57"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l28 level1 lfo25; text-align: center; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.75in;" valign="top" width="264"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Wino
wa printa</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">tyubu 3</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">450, 000/-</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 42.85pt;" valign="top" width="57"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l28 level1 lfo25; text-align: center; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.75in;" valign="top" width="264"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Kalamu
za wino</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">10</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">3, 000/-</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 6;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 42.85pt;" valign="top" width="57"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l28 level1 lfo25; text-align: center; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.75in;" valign="top" width="264"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Penseli</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">2</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">200/-</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 7;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 42.85pt;" valign="top" width="57"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l28 level1 lfo25; text-align: center; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.75in;" valign="top" width="264"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Rewritable CD</span></i></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">5</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">15, 000/-</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 8;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 42.85pt;" valign="top" width="57"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l28 level1 lfo25; text-align: center; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.75in;" valign="top" width="264"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Usafiri</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo27; mso-text-indent-alt: -.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span>i.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Kwenda kurudi katika utafiti</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo27; mso-text-indent-alt: -.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span>ii.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Kuonana na Mshauri wangu Mara Dodoma Mara</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">awamu 10</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">awamu 10</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right;">
<br /></div>
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">450, 000/-</span></div>
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right;">
<br /></div>
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right;">
<br /></div>
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">1, 000, 000/-</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 9;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 42.85pt;" valign="top" width="57"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l28 level1 lfo25; text-align: center; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">9.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.75in;" valign="top" width="264"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Fedha ya kujikimu</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Siku 90 ×15, 000/-</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">1, 350, 000/-</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 10;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 42.85pt;" valign="top" width="57"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l28 level1 lfo25; text-align: center; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">10.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.75in;" valign="top" width="264"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Proof reading fee</span></i></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">200 pages × 10, 000/-</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2, 000, 000/-</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 11;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 42.85pt;" valign="top" width="57"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l28 level1 lfo25; text-align: center; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">11.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.75in;" valign="top" width="264"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Ada ya usimamizi</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Msimamizi 1</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">300, 000/-</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 12;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 42.85pt;" valign="top" width="57"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l28 level1 lfo25; text-align: center; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">12.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.75in;" valign="top" width="264"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Uzalishaji wa tasnifu ya kukusanywa</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Nakala 8</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">500, 000/-</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 13; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 42.85pt;" valign="top" width="57"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Jumla Kuu</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.75in;" valign="top" width="264"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">6, 513, 200/-</span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Jedwali 3: Ratiba ya
Utafiti*</span></b></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid black; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid black; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 160;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 41.4pt;" valign="top" width="55"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">S/NO</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.75in;" valign="top" width="264"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tarehe</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt;" valign="top" width="319"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Shughuli</span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 41.4pt;" valign="top" width="55"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l43 level1 lfo26; text-align: center; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.75in;" valign="top" width="264"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Machi 01, 2010 Machi 19, 2010</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt;" valign="top" width="319"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Uandishi na uwasilishaji wa mada na
Iksili</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 41.4pt;" valign="top" width="55"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l43 level1 lfo26; text-align: center; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.75in;" valign="top" width="264"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Machi 20, 2010 Mei 14, 2010</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt;" valign="top" width="319"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Uandishi wa pendekezo</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 41.4pt;" valign="top" width="55"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l43 level1 lfo26; text-align: center; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.75in;" valign="top" width="264"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mei 15, 2010 Mei 31, 2010</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt;" valign="top" width="319"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tathmini ya awali ya mbinu na vifaa
vya utafiti</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 41.4pt;" valign="top" width="55"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l43 level1 lfo26; text-align: center; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.75in;" valign="top" width="264"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Juni 16, 2010 Juni 26, 2010</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt;" valign="top" width="319"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Uwasilishaji wa pendekezo</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 41.4pt;" valign="top" width="55"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l43 level1 lfo26; text-align: center; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.75in;" valign="top" width="264"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Septemba 2010-Novemba 2010</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt;" valign="top" width="319"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tathmini ya jumla ya mbinu na vifaa
vya utafiti.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ukusanyaji wa data.</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 6;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 41.4pt;" valign="top" width="55"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l43 level1 lfo26; text-align: center; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.75in;" valign="top" width="264"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Desemba 2010</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt;" valign="top" width="319"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Uchambuzi wa data</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 7;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 41.4pt;" valign="top" width="55"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l43 level1 lfo26; text-align: center; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.75in;" valign="top" width="264"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Januari<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2011</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt;" valign="top" width="319"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Uandishi wa awali wa rasimu ya tasnifu</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 8;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 41.4pt;" valign="top" width="55"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l43 level1 lfo26; text-align: center; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.75in;" valign="top" width="264"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Februari 2011 Machi 2011</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt;" valign="top" width="319"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Uhariri, kusoma prufu, na uandishi wa
rasimu ya tasnifu kwa ajili ya kukusanya</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 9;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 41.4pt;" valign="top" width="55"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l43 level1 lfo26; text-align: center; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">9.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.75in;" valign="top" width="264"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Aprili 2011 Juni 2011</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt;" valign="top" width="319"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kukusanya tasnifu na utetezi wa tasnifu</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 10; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 41.4pt;" valign="top" width="55"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l43 level1 lfo26; text-align: center; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">10.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.75in;" valign="top" width="264"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Julai 2011</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt;" valign="top" width="319"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Masahihisho, uzalishaji, na ukusanyaji
rasmi wa tasnifu baada ya marekebisho (kama yapo)</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .25in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">*Ratiba
hii imezingatia baadhi ya maelekezo kutoka shajara ya mwaka ya Chuo Kikuu cha
Dodoma, 2009/2010, na UDOM. (2008). <i>Dissertations Theses and other
Publications Preparation Guidelines</i>.</span></div>
</blockquote>
chombozhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13502576164161381299noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6333082310905679072.post-57612257450965682812015-12-14T20:17:00.002-08:002015-12-14T20:20:08.287-08:00SAIKLOPEDIA NA KAMUSI<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<![endif]--><b><span style="color: #274e13;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; line-height: 115%;">TOFAUTI BAINA YA SAIKLOPEDIA NA KAMUSI</span></span></span></b></div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Kamusi
na Saiklopidia ni dhana mbili zenye mkanganyiko mkubwa hasa katika suala zima
la maana na matumizi. Aidha wataalam mbalimbali wametoa fasili ya dhana hizi
ili kuweka bayana tofauti zilizopo baina ya Saiklopidia na Kamusi.</span><br />
<a name='more'></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> </span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Kwa
mujibu wa <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Concise Oxford Dictionary
of Current English</i>, Saiklopidia ni kitabu kilichopangwa kialfabeti ambacho
aghalabu hutoa taarifa juu ya masomo mbalimbali, au vipengele mbalimbali vya
somo au mada moja. (Tafsiri yangu)</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Pia
Kamusi ya Kiingereza-Kiswahili (2000) inafafanua kwamba, ensaiklopidia ni
kitabu au seti ya vitabu vinavyotoa taarifa kuhusu mambo mengi.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Vilevile
Mdee (2010) anasema saiklopidia ni kitabu chenye mkusanyiko wa makala
zinazohusu nyanja anuwai za elimu ambazo hupangwa kialfabeti na kuandikwa
maelezo ya kina kwa muhtasari.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mdee (Kashatajwa) akimnukuu Zgusta
(1971) kamusi ni kitabu cha marejeo chenye msamiati uliokusanywa kutoka kwa wazungumzaji
wa jamii fulani, na kupangwa kwa utaratibu maalumu, kisha kufafanuliwa kwa
namna ambayo msomaji anaweza kuelewa.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Hivyo
basi, tunaweza kusema saiklopidia ni kitabu chenye mkusanyiko wa taarifa
mbalimbali kuhusu mada au masomo mbalimbali yaliyofafanuwa kwa kina zaidi. Kwa
mfano, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Encyclopedia Britannica A
Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, Literature and General Information</i> (1910) </span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Mbali
na tofauti ya maana, pia tofauti nyingine inajitokeza katika malengo. Mdee
(Kashatajwa) anasema, lengo la saiklopidia ni kutoa maelezo kuhusu vitu, watu,
taasisi, fikra na dhana mbalimbali kwa madhumuni ya kuelimisha, wakati katika
kamusi taarifa ni chache na za kina tu. </span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Vilevile
kuna tofauti za kimtindo. Vitomeo katika saiklopidia huweza kuwa vya herufi
moja tu, yaani ama herufi A au B au E au huweza kuwa vya herufi K-P wakati
katika kamusi vitomeo huanzia herufi A mpaka Z. Mfano, Kamusi ya
Kiingereza-Kiswahili Toleo la Pili.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Pia
katika <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The New Encyclopedia Britannica</i>
(1968) hakuna taarifa za kiisimu kama ilivyo katika kamusi. Kwa mfano hakuna
kategoria za maneno, mifano na hawaoneshi matumizi ya kitomeo.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Aidha
kuna tofauti za kimpangilio baina ya vitomeo. Katika saiklopidia ukurasa mmoja
hukaa kitomeo kimoja tu. Mfano katika<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> The
New Encyclopedia Britannica</i> (Kimeshatajwa) kitomeo <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Egypt </i>kimefafanuliwa kwa kurasa 64. Wakati katika kamusi kitomeo
huwa na taarifa za msingi tu. Hivyo kwa kifupi tunaweza kusema katika
saiklopidia hakuna uwekevu kama katika kamusi.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Vilevile
lugha kienzo ya kamusi humwezesha msomaji kupata maana ya kileksika au kisarufi
ya kitomeo, wakati katika saiklopidia ufafanuzi wa kitomeo hautoi taarifa za
kileksika au kisarufi. </span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Hivyo
basi, tunaweza kusema kuwa, kamusi na saiklopidia licha ya kwamba vyote vinatoa
fasili ya dhana mbalimbali lakini ni vitabu viwili tofauti hasa katika kufafanua
matumizi ya kitomeo, kimuundo, kimtindo na kimaana.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">MAREJEO</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">______(1968).
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The New Encyclopedia Britannica Volume 18<sup>th</sup></i></span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">______(1995). The Concise Oxford
Dictionary of Current English. </span></i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Oxford
University Press Inc.<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>New
York.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">______(1910)
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Encyclopedia Britannica; A Dictionary of
Arts, Science, Literature & General<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>
Information. 17<sup>th </sup>Edition</i>. The Encyclopedia Britannica Campany.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">______(1968).
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The New Encyclopedia Britannica Volume 18<sup>th</sup></i></span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Mdee,
J.S (2011). <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Nadharia na Historia ya
Leksikografia</i>. Dar es Salaam: TUKI</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">TUKI (2001). <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Kamusi ya Kiswahili-Kiingereza</i>. Taasisi ya Uchunguzi wa Kiswahili. </span></div>
</blockquote>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Dar es Salaam.</span></div>
chombozhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13502576164161381299noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6333082310905679072.post-55891720778952511122015-12-14T20:06:00.004-08:002015-12-14T20:10:14.916-08:00KAMUSI<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<div style="text-align: center;">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> <b><span style="color: #274e13;"><span style="font-size: large;">UCHOMOZAJI WA KAMUSI ZA AWALI KATIKA BARA LA ULAYA NA MAENDELEO YALIYOFIKIWA KATIKA KARNE HII</span></span></b></span>
</blockquote>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> (Eric Ndumbaro)</span></div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.0<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">IKISIRI</span></b></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Katika
jamii yoyote ile ulimwenguni dhana ya maendeleo haiji kama mvua, bali huanza
hatua kwa hatua. Hali kadhalika hatua hizo hujibainisha katika historia kwa kupitia
vipindi mbalimbali jamii tangu jamii ilipoanza kujikongoja katika masuala
mbalimbali mpaka hivi sana na hata kubashiri mwelekeo wa jamii katika nyakati
zijazo. Hivi ndivyo hata taaluma ya leksikografia ilivyoanza na hatimaye
uchomozaji wa kamusi za awali katika bara la Ulaya mpaka kufikia maendele
tuliyonayo katika karne hii.</span><br />
<a name='more'></a></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.0<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">UTANGULIZI</span></b></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Makala
hii imekusudia kujadili uchomozaji wa kamusi za awali katika bara la Ulaya na
maendeleo yaliyofikiwa katika karne hii. Awali ya yote tutaanza kufasili dhana
muhimu zilizojitokeza katika mjadala huu kama vile: dhana ya uchomozaji na
dhana ya kamusi, kisha tutaangalia historia ya kamusi katika bara la Ulaya
halafu maendeleo yaliyofikiwa katika karne hii na mwisho tutahitimisha kwa
muhtasari juu ya yale tuliyojadili.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.1<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Maana ya dhana ya Uchomojazi</span></b></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Neno
uchomozaji linatokana na kitenzi chomoza. Kwa mujibu wa Mdee na wenzake (2011) chomoza
maana yake ni tokeza juu na kuonekana. Hivyo, katika muktadha wa
kilekiskografia tunaweza kuifafanua dhana hii ya “uchomozaji wa kamusi” kama utokeaji
wa kamusi au namna kamusi zilivyoonza katika bara la Ulaya.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.2<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Maana ya dhana ya Kamusi</span></b></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mdee,
(2006) kama alivyomnukuu Zgusta, (1971) kamusi ni kitabu cha marejeo chenye
msamiati uliokusanywa kutoka kwa wazungumzaji wa jamii fulani, na kupangwa kwa
utaratibu maalum, kisha kufafanuliwa kwa namna ambayo msomaji aweze kuelewa. </span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Aidha
TUKI, (2004) wanaeleza kuwa, kamusi ni kitabu cha maneno yaliyopangwa kwa
utaratibu wa alfabeti na kutolewa maana na maelezo mengine. Fasili hizi zina
udhaifu kwani kamusi ya sasa sio kitabu tu, inaweza kuwa katika mfumo wa kielektroniki
kama vile CD na nakala laini yaani <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">software</i>.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hivyo
basi, kutokana na fasili hizo tunaweza kusema kwamba, kamusi ni orodha ya
msamiati wa lugha uliopangwa kwa utaratibu maalum wa ki-alfabeti na kutolewa
maana kwa maelezo ya kina na ya msingi, kisha kuhifadhiwa kwa njia ya ama
kitabu au kielektroniki.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.0<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">HISTORIA YA KAMUSI KATIKA BARA
ULAYA</span></b></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ili
tuweze kuelewa vizuri uchomozaji wa kamusi za awali katika bara la Ulaya na
maendeleo yaliyofikiwa katika karne hii hatuna budi kuangali kwa ufupi historia
ya kamusi katika bara la Ulaya. Katika karne ya saba na ya nane kama inavyoelezewa
na Hans Sauer, mchakato huu ulianza kwa faharasa za Kiingereza zilizokuwa na maneno
magumu ya lugha ya Kilatini, kwani ikumbukwe kwamba, Kilatini ndio lugha iliyotumika
kutolea elimu katika bara lote la Ulaya na dunia kwa ujumla.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Faharasa
hizi zilikuwa za aina tatu; aina ya kwanza ni zile faharasa zilizokusanywa bila
kuzingatia mpangilio wa ki-alfabeti kwa Kilatini zilijulikana kama
"glossae collectae" yaani faharasa mkusanyiko. Aina ya pili ni zile
zilizopangwa ki-alfabeti ambazo zilijulikana kama faharasa za ki-alfabeti na aina
ya tatu ni zile zilizokusanywa kulingana na mielekeo ya ki-semantiki ambazo
nazo zilijulikana kama faharasa za ki-kategoria.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hivyo,
faharasa hizi za kwanza zilichukua maneno magumu ya Kilatini kutoka katika
magazeti, vitabu na machapisho mbalimbali na kuyawekea visawe katika lugha ya
Kiingereza, kisha kuyatolea maelezo kwa Kiingereza ili watu waweze kujua
maarifa yaliyoandikwa katika lugha ya Kilatini. Kazi hii ilifanywa na wasomi
hasa watawa. Pia bado ikumbukwe kwamba wakati huo lugha ya kimataifa ilikuwa
Kilatini na ndio ilikuwa lugha pekee ya kutolea maarifa ya elimu.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mdee
(2010) anaeleza kwamba, faharasa ya kwanza ya Kiingereza iliandikwa mwaka 725.
Iliandikwa katika lugha ya Kilatini-Kiingereza na nakala zake zimehifadhiwa
huko Ujerumani, Ufaransa Mashariki na Chuo Kikuu cha Uingereza. Faharasa hii ya
kwanza ilikuwa na vitomeo zaidi ya 2000 zilivyopangwa kwa utaratibu wa alfabeti
wa herufi za mwanzo (Stain 1985)</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hivyo
tunaweza kuona kwamba, utokezaji wa faharasa katika bara la Ulaya ulichochewa
na kuhamasishwa kwa kiasi kikubwa na hitaji la jamii hasa watawa, kama
anavyosema Hausmann (1989:1ff) kwamba, tangu milenia ya pili kabla ya Kristo,
hamasa na ushawishi mkubwa wa watawa ulichochea maendeleo ya taaluma ya
leksikografia. Enzi za kati huko Ulaya dini ilikuwa ndio taasisi muhimu
iliyochochea maendeleo ya leksikografia. Hivyo faharasa na kamusi zilihitajika
sana katika kufundishia na kuwaongoza mapadre na waumini kwa ujumla ili
wafahamu vizuri lugha ya ki-Biblia. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Baadaye
katika karne ya 15 faharasa zilizokusanywa kutoka vitabu mbalimbali ziliwekwa
pamoja na kuhaririwa vizuri na kuchapishwa kama kamusi ya maneno magumu. Mfano
wa kamusi hiyo ni <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Promptorium Parvulorum</i>
kamusi ya Kilatini-Kiingereza ya mwaka 1440 ambayo ilichapwa (1499) akiwa na vitomeo
10,000 ambavyo ni maneno magumu yasiyofahamika. Hanks P. (__) katika makala
yake anaeleza kuwa, vitomeo vyake vilikuwa ni maneno na vishazi vilivyopangwa
kialfabeti kufuata kategoria, yaani nomino peke yake na vitenzi peke yake. Kazi
hii iliunganishwa na Galfridus Anglicus mtawa wa shirika la Wadominikani huko
Norfolk. </span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mwaka
1553 walitengeneza kamusi iliyoitwa <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Shorte
Dictionarie for Yonge Begyners</i> ambayo ilikusanya maneno ya kundi moja
(kikoa leksimu) yaani kundi moja la maneno yanayofanana yalikaa pamoja. Kamusi
hizi za zamani zilikuwa kamusi za lugha mbili yaani kamusi thaniya. Unaweza
kujiuliza kwa nini zilianza kamusi thaniya?</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Zilianza
kamusi thaniya kutokana na sababu tatu za msingi. Sababu ya kwanza ni kuongeza
umilisi na kukuza umahiri wa lugha ili kuweza kuelewa matini zilizoandikwa kwa
Kilatini kama vile Biblia na fasihi kongwe. Kwa mfano <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The store House of Word for Children and Clerics</i> (watumishi wa
kanisa), <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ortus Vocabularum</i> (Garden of
Words (1500) Kilatini-Kiingereza. Vilevile Estienne alitunga kamusi ya
Kifansa-Kilatini mwaka 1539 kwa lengo la kuwasaidia Wafaransa kuandika Kilatini
fasaha. </span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sababu
ya pili ilikuwa ni haja ya mawasiliano, ili kuweza kufanya shughuli mbalimbali
kama vile: kufanya biashara na wasafiri kutoka nchi mbalimbali. Hapo zilitungwa
kamusi mbalimbali, kwa mfano kamusi ya Kikroati na lugha za Kiserbia,
Kialbania, Kituruki na Kiitaliano. </span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sababu
ya tatu ilikuwa ni kupata maarifa/elimu iliyokuwa inahodhiwa na wazungumzaji wa
lugha ngeni. Miongoni mwa kamusi thaniya za Kichina zilizotungwa kwa lengo hili
ni: kamusi za taaluma mbalimbali kwa mfano, kamusi za kemia (1870), tiba (1887)
na vipimo vya uzito (1890) kwa kuzitaja chache.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mpaka
karne ya 17 kamusi za kutenga maneno magumu zilifikia ukomo na baada ya hapo
kamusi zilianza kuwa na sura mpya, sio tena chombo cha kuhifadhi maneno magumu
pekee bali zilikuwa chombo cha kuhifadhi lugha. Hivyo kamusi zilizofuata
zilianza kuingiza maneno magumu na maneno ya kawaida.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.0<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">MAENDELEO YALIYOFIKIWA KATIKA KARNE
HII</span></b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Maendeleo
yaliyofikiwa katika karne hii Mdee (Kashatajwa) anasema kuwa, yametokana na Samwel
Johnson ambaye ndiye anaaminiwa kuwa aliipa kamusi ya Kiingereza umbo na
maudhui kama ilivyo sasa au katika karne hii. </span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Jonson
katika kamusi yake, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Dictionary of the
English Language</i> aliangalia kamusi za waliotangulia na kuongeza mchango
wake katika taaluma ya utungaji kamusi. Malengo yake yalikuwa ni: kuhifadhi
maana za maneno ya Kiingereza, kusanifisha Kiingereza kwa: kuonesha matumizi
sahihi na kuelekeza matumizi sahihi ya lugha. </span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Maendeleo
yaliyofikiwa katika karne hii yanajibainisha katika kamusi za siku hizi kupitia
vipengele mbalimbali kama vile: dhamira/malengo ya kamusi, muundo au miindo ya
kamusi, mitindo mbalimbali, vitomeo, lugha kienzo inayotumika, nk.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Umbo
au muundo, kamusi za karne hii zinajitokeza katika umbile la kielekroniki. Hii
inatokana na maendeleo na jamii hasa katika nyanja ya sayansi na teknolojia.
Kwa mfano siku hizi tuna kamusi za kwenye simu za mkononi, kamusi za mkondoni pia
tunaweza kuhifadhi hata katika CD na Kompyuta. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Malengo,
kutokana na maendeleo yaliyofikiwa katika karne hii hatuwezi kuwa na kamusi
moja inayojitosheleza. Hii ni kutokana na kwamba, malengo ya kamusi siku hizi
sio kukusanya maneno magumu na kuyatolea maana bali kufafanua juu ya maneno
magumu na ya kawaida. Ndio maana siku hizi zinatungwa kamusi za kila nyanja
kulingana na malengo tofauti.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pia
zamani lengo kuu lilikuwa ni mawasiliano tu, hivyo walikuwa wanachukua maneno
na kuyatolea maana tu bila kuyaweka katika kategoria wala kuweka taarifa
zingine za msingi kama ilivyo katika kamusi za siku hizi. </span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Vitomeo,
kamusi za karne hii zinavitomeo vingi zaidi ukilinganisha na kamusi za awali.
Pamoja na wingi huo wa vitomeo pia ni ndogo hata kwa mwonekano, hivyo ni rahisi
sana kuchukulika. Kwa mfano <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Kamusi ya
Kiingereza-Kiiswahili; Toleo la pili</i> inavitomeo 50,000 lakini <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ortus Vocabularium</i> ilikuwa na vitomeo
1500. </span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Lugha
kienzo, kamusi nyingi za karne hii lugha kienzo inayotumika husaidia kukifanya
kidahizo kieleweke kwa urahisi zaidi. Hutoa maelezo ya kidahizo kwa ufupi kwa
kuonesha etimolojia ya neno hilo, kategoria ya neno, na uelekezi wa neno. Kwa
mfano, kama neno lina asili ya Kiarabu kifupisho >Kar hutumika, kama neno ni
nomino kifupisho “nm” hutumika na kama kitenzi ni elekezi kifupisho [ele]
hutumika.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pia
huweka usanaa katika kamusi, na hivyo kumfanya mtumiaji wa kamusi asichoke
kutumia kamusi hiyo, yaani lugha kienzo humvutia msomaji kwa alama mbalimbali michoro,
picha na vifupisho vilivyotumika.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.0<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">HITIMISHO</span></b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hata
hivyo pamoja na maendeleo yaliyofikiwa katika taaluma ya lekiskografia katika
karne hii bado tunaona uhitaji mkubwa wa kamusi katika sekta mbalimbali. Hii
inatokana na maendeleo ya kijamii kiuchumi, kisiasa na kiutamaduni ambayo
yanachochea kuibuka kwa misamiati mipya kila kukicha. Hii inamaana kwamba
kamusi ni kitabu kinachoishi na kisichopitwa na wakati.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">MAREJEO</span></b></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Geeraerts,
D. (1989), <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Principles of monolingual
dictionaries,</i> In Hausmann et al. (Eds.),<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span></span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hanks
P. ( ___) <b>Lexicography, Printing Technology, and the Spread of Renaissance<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>Culture. </b>Institute
of Formal and Applied Linguistics, Charles University in Prague</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Mdee, J.S (2011), <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Nadharia na Historia ya Leksikografia,</i> Dar es Salaam: TUKI</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Mdee, J.S. (1997), Nadharia na Historia ya
leksikografia, TUKI , Dar es salaam.</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sterkenburg,
P. G. J. van (___) A Practical Guide to Lexicography, John Benjamins Publishing<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Co. ·P.O. Box 36224 · 1020 ME Amsterdam
· The Netherlands</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">TUKI (2004), <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Kamusi ya Kiswahili sanifu</i>, Oxford university press, Nairobi.</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
</blockquote>
chombozhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13502576164161381299noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6333082310905679072.post-547389289365648212015-10-26T11:30:00.003-07:002015-10-26T11:35:39.178-07:00SHAIRI<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
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<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<h2>
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mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-parent:"";
mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;
mso-para-margin-top:0in;
mso-para-margin-right:0in;
mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt;
mso-para-margin-left:0in;
line-height:115%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
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<![endif]--><span style="color: #274e13;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">SINA
DOGO!</span></b></span> </h2>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Wapendwa
sikilizeni,</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Uchoyo
si jadi yangu,</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Nilosikia
jamani,</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Mlijue
na wenzangu,</span> </div>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Mimi daima napenda,</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Kuwajuza
wasujua,</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Tena
hata kuwafunda,</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Ili
wasije shupaa,</span><br />
<a name='more'></a> </div>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Kwa kujidai vingunge,</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Wa
habari mitaani,</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Na
magwiji wa vigenge,</span></div>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Kwa maneno midomoni,</span> </blockquote>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Haya
mwenzenu malenga,</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Ngoja
niwasimulie,</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Ili
muupate mwanga,</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Elimu
mkaitoe,</span> </div>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Ningali ni safarini,</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Kigoma
kuelekea,</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Nimetulia
kitini,</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Safari
kufikiria,</span> </div>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Basi nakuambieni, </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Karibu
na Ushirombo,</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Akaingia
chomboni,</span></div>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Kijana kabeba rambo,</span> </blockquote>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Mrefu
mtanashati,</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Tabasamu
alojaa,</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Mwenye
kuvalia suti,</span></div>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Yenye rangi kahawia,</span> </blockquote>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Punde
kavunja ukimya,</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Kwa
kuitoa salamu,</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Nikadhani
anajipya,</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Wengi tusolifahamu,</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Wakubwa
shikamooni,</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Mambo
zenu rika langu,</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Wadogo
nisalimuni,</span></div>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Marahaba haki yangu,</span> </blockquote>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Baada
kusalimia,</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Sote
tukajituliza,</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Hata
wenye kusinzia,</span></div>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Machoni wakajikaza,</span> </blockquote>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Ndiposa
yule kijana,</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Akaomba
usikivu,</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Ili
apate kunena,</span></div>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Atujaze uwerevu,</span> </blockquote>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Haikupita
dakika,</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Abiria
kutulia,</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Kijana
akaridhika,</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Pembeni
akatulia,</span> </div>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Rambo akalifungua,</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Pasi
neno kutamka, </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Nami
nikasubiria,</span></div>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Kwa shahuku na shufaka,</span> </blockquote>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Punde
alipoinuka,</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Nami
nikanyong’onyea,</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Baadhi
wakauzika,</span></div>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Mara walipong’amua,</span> </blockquote>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Kuwa
ni muuza dawa,</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Auzaye
kwenye gari,</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Dawa
zisokaguliwa,</span></div>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Ziso kipimo dhahiri,</span> </blockquote>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Basi
wengi abiria,</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Wakaanza
mpuuza,</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Kwa
kuanza kusinzia,</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Huku wakisikiliza,</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Naye
pasipo kujali,</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Bidhaa
akazinadi,</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Utadhani
yu dalali,</span></div>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Maneno yaso idadi,</span> </blockquote>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Na
kwa lugha ya madaha,</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Ilosheheni
jazanda,</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Katu
isiyo karaha,</span></div>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Daima utaipenda,</span> </blockquote>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Kilichotuvunja
mbavu,</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Dawa
ile ya mafua,</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Hata
walo na uchovu,</span></div>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Karibu wangezimia,</span> </blockquote>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Vile
alivyoeleza,</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Si
rahisi kutambua,</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Japo
alisisitiza,</span></div>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Ingawa hakutoboa,</span> </blockquote>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Alianza
kwa kusema,</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Chapa
simba ndio hii,</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Kwa
mafua yasokoma,</span></div>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Hapa lazima ya tii,</span> </blockquote>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Na
wenye kipanda uso,</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Huyu
ndiye mkombozi,</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Bwana
mwenye utakaso,</span></div>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Azishindaye hirizi,</span> </blockquote>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Mishipa
iliyokaza,</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Yenyewe
itaachia,</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Mgogo
ukipakaza,</span></div>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Wenyewe utaridhia,</span> </blockquote>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Misuli
ilolegea,</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Imara
itasimama,</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Mpaka
utashangaa,</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Vile utakavyolima,</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Hata
iwe Jumapili,</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Kulima
utatamani,</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Hutaziona
dalili,</span></div>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Za uchovu kiunoni,</span> </blockquote>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Pia
naye mtendaji,</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Atatenda
siku zote,</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Hatajali
wapitaji,</span></div>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Huduma sawa kwa wote,</span> </blockquote>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Nanyi
mliookoka,</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Msipake
abadani,</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Ili
msije potoka,</span></div>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Mkaasi yenu dini,</span> </blockquote>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Mkalima
Jumapili,</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Mkaivunja
Sabato,</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Mkabeza
maadili,</span></div>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Kwa kusingizia joto,</span> </blockquote>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
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sikuambaulia,</span></div>
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</blockquote>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
chombozhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13502576164161381299noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6333082310905679072.post-50817005683835976932015-09-17T11:59:00.000-07:002015-09-17T12:00:59.494-07:00TANZU ZA FASIHI SIMULIZI<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Tanzu na Vipera Vya Fasihi Simulizi</b></div>
</div>
<br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Kwa mujibu wa Mulokozi katika Mulika namba 21(1989). Pamoja
na kwamba Fasihi ni kongwe lakini kitaaluma bado ni changa kwa sababu ilianza
kuchungunzwa hivi karibuni. Hivyo imepelekea kutokuwepo kwa nadharia, marejeo,
wala istilahi zenye kutosheleza mahitaji ya taaluma hiyo. Tatizo hili
linadhihirika pale tunapoangalia kazi za wataalamu mbalimbali kuhusu tanzu za
Fasihi Simulizi.</span></div>
</blockquote>
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Kwa upande wa nadharia kitabu pekee kinachozijadili tanzu za
Fasihi Simulizi kwa urefu ni kitabu cha Ruth Fennegan kinachoitwa Oral
Literature in Africa (1970). Kwa upande wa Kiswahili hakuna kitabu
kinachojadili uwanja wa tanzu za Fasihi Simulizi. Badala yake</span><br />
<a name='more'></a><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> kunamiongozo
michache kwa ajili ya shule za sekondari kama vile Balisidya, N (1975) na
Taasisi ya Elimu (1987)</span></div>
</blockquote>
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Mulika namba 21 ni jarida la kitaaluma linalotoa fursa kwa
wataalamu, waalimu na wanafunzi katika kujadili mada mbalimbali za kiswahili.
Jarida hili lililoandikwa mwaka 1989 ndani yake kuna makala ya Fasihi Simulizi
inayohusu tanzu za Fasihi Simulizi na vipera vyake iliyoandikwa na
M.M.Mulokozi.</span></div>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Hivyo basi kutokana na kukosekana kwa nadharia zinazoongoza
ugawaji wa tanzu za Fasihi Simulizi ya Kiswahili wataalamu wengi wamekuwa
wakitumia vigezo mbalimbali ambavyo ni maudhui, fani, matukio, idadi ya
waimbaji, vifaa vinavyotumika na namna ya uimbaji.</span></div>
</blockquote>
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Fasihisi Simulizi imejadiliwa na wataalamu mbalimbali
miongoni mwa waalamu hao ni M.M.Mulokozi (1996) anasema Fasihi Simulizi ni
fasihi inayotungwa au kubuniwa kichwani na kuwasilishwa kwa hadhira kwa njia ya
mdomo na vitendo bila kutumia maandishi.</span></div>
</blockquote>
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">TUKI (2004) Fasihi Simulizi ni kazi ya fasihi inayohifadhiwa
na kurithishwa kutoka kizazi kimoja hadi kingine kwa njia ya mdomo kama vile;
hadithi, ngoma na vitendawili. </span></div>
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</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Hivyo basi Fasihi Simulizi ni fasihi inayotokana na maneno
ambayo huzungumzwa, hutolewa au kuimbwa ambapo mtungaji na mwasilishaji hutumia
sanaa.</span></div>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Tanzu ni istilahi inayotumiwa kuelezea au kurejelea aina ya
kazi mbalimbali za kifasihi. Inawezekana utanzu mkuu kuwa na vitanzu vingine
mbalimbali kwa mfano, tanzu kuu za kifasihi ni Riwaya, Tamthilia, Shahiri,
Novela, Insha na Hadithi (Wamitila (2003).</span></div>
</blockquote>
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Vipera ni dhana inayotumiwa kuelezea vijitanzu katika fasihi
hasa fasihi simulizi. Mfano: semi methali, mafumbo, vitendawili nakadhalika.
(Wamitila 2003)</span></div>
</blockquote>
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">M.M.Mulokozi katika makala yake ya tanzu za Fasihi Simulizi
iliyo katika jarida la Muulika namba 21(1989) amezigawa tanzu na vipera vya
Fasihi Simulizi kwa kutumia vigezo viwili ambavyo ni,kigezo cha kwanza ni
umbile na tabia ya kazi inayohusika na kigezo cha pili ni muktadha na namna ya
uwasilishaji wake kwa hadhira.</span></div>
</blockquote>
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Umbile na tabia ya kazi inayohusika: katika kigezo hiki
Mulokozi ameangalia vipengele vya ndani vinavyoiumba sanaa hiyo na kuipa
muelekeo au mwenendo. Baadhi ya vipengele hivyo vya ndani ni namna lugha
inavyotumika (kishahiri, kinathari, kimafumbo, kiwimbo na kighani), muundo wa
fani hiyo na wahusika.</span></div>
</blockquote>
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Kwa upande wa muktadha na namna ya uwasilishaji amezingatia
kuwa, Fasihi Simulizi ni tukio hivyo huambatana na muingiliano wa mambo matatu
ambayo ni muktadha, watu na mahali. Mwingiliano huu ndio unaotupa muktadha na
muktadha ndio unaoamua fani fulani ya Fasihi Simulizi ichukue umbo lipi,
iwasilishwe vipi kwa hadhira, kwenye wakati na mahali hapo. Hivyo hadithi
inaweza kugeuzwa wimbo, utendi unaweza kuwa hadithi na wimbo unaweza kugeuzwa
ghani au usemi kutegemea muktadha unaohusika (Mulokozi 1989).</span></div>
</blockquote>
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Kwa hiyo kwa kutumia vigezo hivi, Mulokozi amezigawa tanzu na
vipera vya Fasihi Simulizi kama ifuatavyo;</span></div>
</blockquote>
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<ol style="text-align: justify;">
<li><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> Masimulizi</span></li>
</ol>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Hii ni tanzu ya Fasihi Simulizi yenye kusimulia habari
fulani. Katika kugawa utanzu huu vigezo vilivyotumika ni pamoja na kigezo cha
lugha ambapo lugha inayotumika katika masimulizi ni ya kinathari.</span></div>
</blockquote>
</div>
<ol style="text-align: justify;">
<li><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Muundo</span></li>
</ol>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Mara nyingi masimulizi huwa na muundo unaojitofautisha na
tanzu nyingine kama vile ushairi. Katika masimulizi muundo wake mara nyingi
huwa wa moja kwa moja yaani mtiririko wa visa na matukio.</span></div>
</blockquote>
</div>
<ol style="text-align: justify;">
<li><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Wahusika</span></li>
</ol>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Vilevile kigezo kingine ni kigezo cha wahusika ambapo katika
kigezo hiki huhusisha wahusika wa pande mbili ambao ni mtendaji na watendwaji.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Pia kigezo kingine ni kigezo cha namna ya uwasilishaji.
Katika uwasilishwaji huwasilishwa na msimuliaji mbele ya hadhira. Kigezo
kingine ni kigezo cha mandhari ambayo huwa maaluma kama vile chini ya mti
mkubwa na uwanjani. Masimulizi pia hufanyika katika muda maalum. Mfano, baada
ya kazi.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Masimulizi yamegawanyika katika tanzu kuu mbili ambazo ni
tanzu za kihadithi (za kubuni) na tanzu za kisalua (kihisitoria). Tanzu za
kihadithi zina kipera kimoja ambacho ni ngano. Ngano (vigano/hurafa), hizi ni
hadithi za kimapokeo zitumiazo wahusika kama wanyama, miti na watu kuelezea na
kuonya kuhusu maisha.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Vigezo
vilivyotumika katika kugawa ngano ni kigezo cha lugha ambayo ni lugha ya
kinathari, kigezo cha dhima ambacho huelezea au kuonya kuhusu maisha na
kufurahisha. Kigezo kingine kilichotumika ni kigezo cha wahusika ambao ni
wanyama, miti na watu. Kipera hiki cha ngano kinajumuisha vijipera vifuatavyo
ambavyo ni istiara, mbazi na kisa.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Istiara. Hii ni hadithi ambayo maana yake ya wazi
inawakilisha maana nyingine iliyofichika. Vigezo vilivyotumika katika kugawa
kipera hiki ni kigezo cha lugha ambayo ni lugha ya mafumbo.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Mbazi; hii ni hadithi fupi yenye mafunzo itolewayo kama
kielelezo wakati wa maongezi au kumkanya mtu. Kigezo kilichotumika katika
kugawa kipera hiki ni kigezo cha dhima.</span></div>
</blockquote>
</div>
<ul style="text-align: justify;">
<li><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Kisa; hii ni hadithi fupi ya kufurahisha kuhusu tukio la
kweli. Kigezo kilichotumika ni kigezo cha kidhima.</span></li>
</ul>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Utanzu mwingine wa masimulizi ni utanzu wa kisalua. Utanzu
huu umegawanyika katika vipera vifuatavyo ambavyo ni visakale, mapisi, tarihi,
kumbukumbu na visasili.</span></div>
</blockquote>
</div>
<ul style="text-align: justify;">
<li><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Visakale; haya ni masimulizi ya mapokeo juu ya wahenga au
mashujaa wa kabila au taifa yenye kuchanganya chuku na historia (kama hadithi
ya Liyongo). Vigezo vilivyuotumika hapa ni kigezo cha wahusika ambao wapo
katika historia yaani mashujaa fulani. Kigezo kingine ni fani ya ubunifu.</span></li>
</ul>
<ul style="text-align: justify;">
<li><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Mapisi; haya ni maelezo ya kihistoria bila kutia mambo ya
kubuni. Hapa pia kigezo kilichotumika ni kigezo cha dhima ambacho huelezea
mambo ya kihistoria yaliyo ya kweli.</span></li>
</ul>
<ul style="text-align: justify;">
<li><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Tarihi; haya ni maelezo au jedwali la matukio muhimu na
tarehe zake. Kigezo kilichotumika hapa ni kigezo cha kidhima ambacho ni
kuelezea matukio muhimu na tarehe zake. Pia kigezo kingine ni namna ya
uwasilishaji ambapo huwasilishwa kwa kutumia jedwali na lugha yake huwa katika
maandishi.</span></li>
</ul>
<ul style="text-align: justify;">
<li><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Kumbukumbu; haya ni maelezo ya matukio muhimu yanayomuhusu
mtu binafsi au jamii ya watu. Hapa kimetumika kigezo cha fani, ambayo ni fani
za wasifu na tawasifu. Pia kigezo kingine ni kigezo cha wahusika ambao ni watu.</span></li>
</ul>
<ul style="text-align: justify;">
<li><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Visasili; hiki ni kipera kinachofungamana na imani za dini na
mizungu ya kajamii pia hizi ni hadithi za kale zenye kuwakilisha imani na
mtazamo wa jamii inayohusika kuhusu asili ya ulimwengu na maisha yao. Kigezo
kilichotumika ni kigezo cha kidhima ambacho huelezea shabaha ya maisha.</span></li>
</ul>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Utanzu mwingine wa Fasihi Simulizi ni utanzu wa Semi. Semi ni
tungo au kauli fupi fupi za kisanaa zenye kubeba maana au mafunzo. Kigezo
kilichotumika katika kugawa utanzu huu ni kigezo cha lugha ambayo ni lugha ya
mkato. Kigezo kingine ni kigezo cha kidhima ambacho ni kufunza.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Utanzu huu umegawanyika katika vipera vifuatavyo ambavyo ni
methali, vitendawili, misimu, mafumbo na lakabu.</span></div>
</blockquote>
</div>
<ul style="text-align: justify;">
<li><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Methali ni semi fupi fupi zenye kueleza kwa mukhtasari fikra
au mafunzo mazito yaliyotokana na uzoefu wa kijamii. Vigezo vilivyotumika
katika kipera hiki ni kigezo cha lugha ambayo ni lugha ya mafumbo. Vilevile
kimetumika kigezo cha muundo ambapo methali huundwa na muundo wa pande mbili
ambazo hutegemeana.</span></li>
</ul>
<ul style="text-align: justify;">
<li><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Vitendawili; huu ni usemi uliofumbwa ambao hutolewa kwa
hadhira ili ufumbuliwe. Vigezo vilivyotumika ni kigezo cha lugha. Hapa lugha
inayotumika ni lugha ya kimafumbo.</span></li>
</ul>
<ul style="text-align: justify;">
<li><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Misimu; ni semi za muda na mahali maalum ambazo huzuka na
kutoweka kutegemea mazingira maalum. Hivyo vigezo vilivyotumika katika kugawa
kipera hiki ni kigezo cha muktadha yaani hutokea wakati maalum na mazingira
maalum.</span></li>
</ul>
<ul style="text-align: justify;">
<li><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Mafumbo; ni semi za maonyo au mawaidha ambazo maana zake za
ndani zimefichika. Kigezo kilichotumika ni kigezo cha kidhima ambacho ni kuonya
pamoja na kigezo cha lugha ambayo ni lugha ya mafumbo.</span></li>
</ul>
<ul style="text-align: justify;">
<li><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Lakabu; haya ni majina ya kupanga ambayo baadhi ya watu
hupewa au hujipatia kutokana na sifa zao za kimwili, kinasaba, kitabia au
kimatendo. Kigezo kilicho tumika katika kipera hiki ni kigezo cha lugha ambayo
lugha iliyotumika ni lugha kificho yaani maana yake hufichwa.</span></li>
</ul>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Utanzu mwingine wa Fasihi Simulizi ni ushairi. Huu ni utanzu
wa fasihi simulizi unaowasilishwa kwa hadhira kwa njia ya uimbaji au ughani
badala ya usemaji wa kawaida. Vigezo vilivyotumika katika kugawa utanzu huu ni
kigezo cha lugha ambayo ni lugha ya kishairi. Pia kimetumika kigezo cha fani
ambapo fani inayotumika ni wizani, lugha ya mkato, lugha ya mafumbo na uimbaji
au ughani.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Katika utanzu huu kuna vipera viwili ambavyo ni nyimbo na
maghani;</span></div>
</blockquote>
</div>
<ul style="text-align: justify;">
<li><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Nyimbo ni kila kinachoimbwa. Vigezo vilivyotumika katika
kipera hiki cha ushairi ni kigezo cha fani ambapo huangalia muziki wa sauti ya
muimbaji au waimbaji, muziki wa ala (kama ipo), matini au maneno yanayoimbwa.
Pia kuna kigezo cha muktadha ambacho huzingatia hadhira inayoimbiwa na muktadha
unaofungamana na wimbo huo, kwa mfano sherehe, ibada, kilio nakadhalika. Kwa
vigezo hivi utanzu wa nyimbo umegawanyika katika vijipera vifuatavyo ambavyo
ni, tumbuizo, bembea, kongozi, nyimbo za dini, wawe, tenzi, tendi, mbolezi,
kimai, nyiso, nyimbo za vita, nyimbo za uwindaji, nyimbo za taifa, nyimbo za
watoto na nyimbo za kazi.</span></li>
</ul>
<ul style="text-align: justify;">
<li><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Tumbuizo; hizi ni nyimbo za furaha ziimbwazo kuwafurahisha
watu kwenye matukio mbalimbali kama vile ngomani au harusini. Vigezo
vilivyotumika hapa ni kigezo cha kidhima ambacho hulenga kuwafurahisha watu,
pia kigezo kingine ni kigezo cha kimuktadha ambapo huwasilishwa katika matukio
yanayoendana na dhima ya kufurahisha.</span></li>
</ul>
<ul style="text-align: justify;">
<li><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Bembea; hizi ni nyimbo za kubembeleza watoto. Kigezo
kilichotumika hapa ni kigezo cha kidhima ambapo hulenga kubembeleza watoto.</span></li>
</ul>
<ul style="text-align: justify;">
<li><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Kongozi; hizi ni nyimbo za kuaga mwaka. Vigezo vilivyotumika
hapa ni kigezo cha kidhima ambapo dhima yake ni kuaga mwaka na kigezo cha
kimuktadha ambapo muktadha wake ni muktadha maalum yaani huimbwa mwishoni mwa
mwaka.</span></li>
</ul>
<ul style="text-align: justify;">
<li><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Nyimbo za dini; hizi ni nyimbo zinazoimbwa kwa lengo la
kumsifu Mungu au miungu. Vigezo vilivyotumika ni kigezo cha kidhima ambapo
dhima yake ni kumsifu Mungu au miungu, pia kimetumika kigezo cha kimuktadha
ambapo huimbwa katika muktadha wa kidini.</span></li>
</ul>
<ul style="text-align: justify;">
<li><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Wawe; hizi ni nyimbo za kilimo. Vigezo vilivyotumika ni
kigezo cha kimuktadha ambapo huuimbwa wakati wa kulima, pia kigezo cha kidhima
kimetumika ambapo dhima yake ni kuchapusha kazi.</span></li>
</ul>
<ul style="text-align: justify;">
<li><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Tenzi; hizi ni nyimbo ndefu za kimasimulizi au mawaidha.
Kigezo kilichotumika ni kigezo cha kifani ambapo fani yake ni masimulizi au
mawaidha.</span></li>
</ul>
<ul style="text-align: justify;">
<li><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Tendi; hizi ni nyimbo ndefu za masimulizi juu ya matendo ya
mashujaa. Vigezo vilivyotumika hapa ni kigezo cha kifani ambapo wahusika wa
tendi ni watu wenye historia za matendo ya kishujaa, pia kigezo cha lugha
kimetumika ambapo lugha yake ni ya kinathari.</span></li>
</ul>
<ul style="text-align: justify;">
<li><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Mbolezi; hizi ni nyimbo za kilio au maombolezo. Vigezo
vilivyotumika katika kugawa kipera hiki ni kigezo cha kimuktadha ambapo
huwasilishwa katika muktadha wa maombolezo au kilioni/msibani, pia kimetumika
kigezo cha kidhima ambapo dhima yake ni kuomboleza.</span></li>
</ul>
<ul style="text-align: justify;">
<li><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Kimai; hizi ni nyimbo zihusuzo shughuli za baharini. Vigezo
vilivyotumika hapa ni kigezo cha kidhima ambapo dhima yake ni kuchapusha kazi.
Vilevile katika kigezo cha kimuktadha kimai huwasilishwa katika mazingira ya
baharini.</span></li>
</ul>
<ul style="text-align: justify;">
<li><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Nyiso; hizi ni nyimbo za jandoni. Vigezo vilivyotumika ni
kigezo cha kidhima ambapo dhima yake ni kutoa mafunzo kwa vijana kuhusu maisha
ya utu uzima. Kigezo kingine ni kigezo cha kimuktadha ambapo nyiso huwasilishwa
katika mazingira maalumu, kama vile porini nakadhalika.</span></li>
</ul>
<ul style="text-align: justify;">
<li><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Nyimbo za vita; hizi ni nyimbo ziimbwazo na askari wakati wa
vita. Vigezo vilivyotumika katika kugawa kipera hiki ni kigezo cha kimuktadha
ambapo muktadha wake huwa ni wakati wa vita, na kigezo kingine ni kigezo cha
wahusika au waimbaji ambapo waimbaji wake huwa ni maaskari.</span></li>
</ul>
<ul style="text-align: justify;">
<li><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Nyimbo za watoto, hizi ni nyimbo waimbazo watoto wakati wa
michezo yao. Vigezo vilivyotumika ni pamoja na kigezo cha kimuktadha ambapo
huwasilishwa wakati wa michezo ya watoto. Kigezo kingine ni kigezo cha wahusika
au waimbaji ambapo waimbaji wake huwa ni watoto.</span></li>
</ul>
<ul style="text-align: justify;">
<li><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Nyimbo za uwindaji; hizi ni nyimbo ambazo huimbwa na makundi
ya wawindaji wakati wa shughuli au sherehe zao. Vigezo vilivyotumika hapa ni
kigezo cha wahusika au waimbaji ambapo huimbwa na wawindaji na kigezo kingine
ni kigezo cha kimuktadha ambapo huwasilishwa wakati wa shughuli au sherehe za
uwindaji.</span></li>
</ul>
<ul style="text-align: justify;">
<li><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Nyimbo za Taifa; hizi ni nyimbo za kisifia Taifa au kabila.
Kigezo kilichotumika hapa ni kigezo cha kidhima ambapo dhima yake ni kusifia
Taifa au kabila.</span></li>
</ul>
<ul style="text-align: justify;">
<li><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Nyimbo za kazi; hizi ni nyimbo zinazoimbwa katika shughuli
mbalimbali kama vile, kulima, kutwanga, kusuka, uvuvi, uashi, useremala na
kadhalika. Vigezo vilivyotumika hapa ni kigezo cha muktadha wa uwasilishaji
ambapo huwasilishwa kulingana na shughali maalumu. Pia kigezo kingine ni kigezo
cha kidhima ambapo dhima ya nyimbo za kazi ni kuchapusha kazi.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></li>
</ul>
<ul style="text-align: justify;">
<li><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Maghani; hiki ni kipera cha ushairi kinachotolewa kwa kalima
badala ya kuimbwa. Kwa mujibu wa Wamitila (2003) maghani ni istilahi
inayotumiwa kuelezea aina ya ushairi ambao hutolewa kwa kalima au maneno badala
ya kuimbwa. Vigezo vilivyotumika katika kugawa utanzu huu ni lugha ambayo ni
lugha ya kishairi. Pia ametumia kigezo cha wahusika ambapo wahusika wakuu ni
binadamu. Hivyo vigezo hivi ndivyo vilivyopelekea utanzu huu kuwekwa kwenye
utanzu wa ushairi.</span></li>
</ul>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Kipera hiki kina vijipera vitatu ambavyo ni maghani ya
kawaida, sifo na maghani masimulizi. Maghani ya kawaida ni kundi ambalo
tunaweza kuingiza fani mbalimbali za ushahiri simulizi kama vile ushairi wa
mapenzi, siasa, maombolezo, kazi, dini ilimradi unaghanwa katika namna ya
uwasilishwaji wake.</span></div>
</blockquote>
</div>
<ul style="text-align: justify;">
<li><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Sifo; hizi ni tungo za kusifu ambazo husifu watu, wanyama na
mimea. Baadhi ya sifo huwa zinakashifu au kukejeli. Vigezo vilivyotumika katika
kugawa kipera hiki ni kigezo cha wahusika, wahusika wake wakuu ni binadamu
wanyama au mimea. Kigezo kingine ni muktadha ambao huelezea matukio yaliyopita
au yaliyopo. Sifo huwa na tanzu muhimu kama vile vivugo (majigambo), pembezi na
tondozi.</span></li>
</ul>
<ul style="text-align: justify;">
<li><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Kivugo; hili ni ghani la kujisifia, hutungwa na kughanwa na
muhusika mwenyewe. Vigezo vilivyotumika katika kugawa kijipera hiki cha sifo ni
lugha, katika lugha zimetumika mbinu kama vile sitiari, mkato, vidokezo,
ishara, takriri na vina. Kigezo kingine ni kigezo cha wahusika ambapo wahusika
wake wakuu ni binadamu pia kimetumika kigezo cha muktadha ambapo muktadha wake
hufungamana na tukio maalum katika maisha ya muhusika, mfano vitani. Vilevile
katika kigezo cha uwasilishaji huweza kuwa na masimulizi ndani yake. Muundo
wake hutegemea shabaha za mtunzi na jadi ya utunzi anayoiwakilisha hakiandikwi
na kutungwa papo kwa papo.</span></li>
</ul>
<ul style="text-align: justify;">
<li><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Tondozi; hizi ni tungo za kusifu watu, wanyama au vitu. (Pembezi
pia ni aina ya tondozi ambayo imekusudiwa watu wa aina fulani tu). Vigezo
vilivyotumika katika kugawa kipera hiki ni kigezo cha wahusika ambao ni wanyama
na mimea. Mfano wa wanyama ni kama vile Simba. Kigezo kingine ni lugha ambayo
ni lugha ya kishairi.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></li>
</ul>
<ul style="text-align: justify;">
<li><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Ghani masimulizi: hizi ni ghani ambazo hutambwa ili kusimulia
hadithi, historia au tukio fulani. Vigezo vilivyotumika kugawa kipera hiki ni
pamoja na kigezo cha lugha, lugha inayotumika katika kijipera hiki ni lugha ya
kishairi na fani iliyotumika ni kusimulia hadithi/tukio kwa kirefu. Vile vile
kuna kigezo cha namna ya uwasilishaji huambatana na ala za muziki mfano zeze na
marimba.</span></li>
</ul>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Ghani masimulizi ina vipera vinne ambavyo ni rara, ngano,
sifo na tendi.</span></div>
</blockquote>
</div>
<ul style="text-align: justify;">
<li><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Rara ni hadithi fupi nyepesi ya kishairi yenye visa vya
kusisimua, vigezo vilivyotumika katika kugawa kipera hiki ni pamoja na lugha
inayotumika, lugha inayotumika katika kipera hiki ni lugha ya kishairi, fani
iliyotumika ni fani ya kihadithi ambayo ni hadithi fupi, nyepesi na inavisa vya
kusisimua na kigezo kingine ni muktadha wa uwasilishaji ambapo huimbwa au
kughanwa ikiambatana na ala za muziki.</span></li>
</ul>
<ul style="text-align: justify;">
<li><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Ngano; hizi ni hadithi za mapokeo zitumiazo wahusika kama
wanyama, miti na watu katika kuelezea au kuonya kuhusu maisha. Katika kipera
hiki kigezo kilichotumika ni muktadha wa uwasilishaji, kwamba huwasilishwa
pamoja na ala ya muziki. Ngano huwa ghani masimulizi inapowasilishwa pamoja na
ala ya muziki.</span></li>
</ul>
<ul style="text-align: justify;">
<li><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Sifo; hizi ni tungo za kusifu, kigezo kilichotumika ni
muktadha wa uwasilishaji: sifo huwa ghani masimulizi inapoingiza muziki katika
utondozi wake, lugha iliyotumika ni lugha ya kishairi.</span></li>
</ul>
<ul style="text-align: justify;">
<li><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Tendi; hizi ni ghani ndefu za masimulizi juu ya matendo ya
mashujaa yenye uzito kijamii au kitaifa. Vigezo vilivyotumika katika kugawa
kipera hiki ni fani ambayo ni huhusu matukio muhimu ya kihisitoria au ya
kijamii. Kigezo kingine ni muktadha wa uwasilishaji, hutungwa na kuwasilishwa
papo kwa papo.</span></li>
</ul>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Utanzu mwingine wa Fasihi Simulizi ni utanzu wa mazungumzo.
Mazungumzo ni maongozi au maelezo ya mdomo katika lugha ya kawaida juu ya jambo
lolote lile. Si kila mazungumzo ni fasihi ili mazungumzo yaitwe fasihi lazima
yawe na usanii wa aina fulani. Vigezo vilivyotumika katika kugawa utanzu huu ni
kigezo cha lugha ambapo lugha iliyotumika ni lugha ya kifasihi. Kigezo kingine
ni kigezo cha kimuundo ambapo muundo wake huwa wa kidayalojia.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Utanzu huu wa mazungumzo una vipera vifuatavyo ambavyo ni
hotuba, malumbano ya watani, soga, mawaidha na ulumbi.</span></div>
</blockquote>
</div>
<ul style="text-align: justify;">
<li><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Hotuba; haya ni mazungumzo ambayo huwasilishwa kwenye vikao
rasmi vya kimila, kisiasa au kidini. Vigezo vilivyotumika katika kugawa kipera
hiki ni kigezo cha lugha ambapo lugha yake huwa rasmi, sanifu na ya kisanaa.
Kigezo kingine ni kigezo cha kimuktadha ambapo hotuba huwasilishwa katika
mazingira maalumu kwa mfano katika vikao rasmi au mikutano.</span></li>
</ul>
<ul style="text-align: justify;">
<li><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Malumbano ya watani; haya ni mazungumzo yanayozingatia
masharti yanayotawala uhusiano wao wa kiutani. Huweza kuwa utani wa kikabila,
utani wa mababu au mabibi na wajukuu. Vigezo vilivyotumika katika ugawaji wa
kipera hiki ni kigezo cha lugha ambapo lugha huwa ni ya kimafumbo. Kigezo
kingine ni kigezo cha wahusika ambapo wahusika huwa na uhusiano wa karibu.</span></li>
</ul>
<ul style="text-align: justify;">
<li><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Soga; haya ni mazungumzo ya kupitisha wakati ili kusubiri
kitu fulani. Vigezo vilivyotumika katika kugawa kipera hiki ni kigezo cha
kidhima ambapo dhima yake ni kupitisha wakati. Kigezo kingine ni kigezo cha
lugha ambapo lugha inayotumika siyo rasmi. Vilele kuna kigezo cha muktadha
ambapo muktadha wake huwa ni mahali popote.</span></li>
</ul>
<ul style="text-align: justify;">
<li><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Mawaidha; haya ni maneno ya maonyo au mafunzo aghalabu huwa
ya kidini na yenye muongozo. Kigezo kilichotumika katika kugawa kipera hiki ni
kigezo cha kidhima ambapo dhima yake ni kuonya au kutoa muongozo.</span></li>
</ul>
<ul style="text-align: justify;">
<li><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Ulumbi; huu ni uhodari wa kuzungumza ambao huwa ni wa
kiufasaha na madoido. Vigezo vilivyotumika katika kugawa kipera hiki ni kigezo
cha kifani ambapo lugha iliyotumika ni lugha ya kimadoido na kifasaha.</span></li>
</ul>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Utanzu mwingine katika Fasihi Simulizi ni utanzu wa maigizo.
Maigizo ni michezo ambayo hutumia watendaji wa kuiga tabia na matendo ya watu
au viumbe wengine ili kuburudisha na kutoa ujumbe fulani kwa hadhira. Vigezo
vilivyotumika katika kutenga utanzu huu ni kigezo cha namna ya uwasilishaji
ambapo huwasilishwa kwa kuiga matendo ya watu au wanyama. Kigezo cha kidhima
ambapo dhima yake ni kuburudisha, kuelimisha au kuonya. Pia kimetumika kigezo
cha mandhari ambapo maigizo huambatana na matukio maalumu kama vile kwenye
maadhimisho ya sherehe fulani na katika matukio ya kijamii.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Utanzu mwingine wa Fasihi Simulizi ni utanzu wa ngomezi.
Ngomezi ni ile hali ya kupeleka ujumbe kwa kutumia mdundo wa ngoma. Vigezo
vilivyotumika katika utanzu huu ni kigezo cha kifaa cha uwasilishaji ambacho ni
ngoma. Pia kigezo kingine ni kigezo cha kidhima ambapo dhima yake ni kupeleka
taarifa fulani kwa jamii. Mfano taarifa hiyo yaweza kuwa ya msiba, mkutano na
kadhalika.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Pamoja na ugawaji huu wa tanzu na vipera vya Fasihi Simulizi
uliofanywa na Mulokozi kwa kuzingatia vigezo vyake alivyovitumia, bado ugawaji
huu unaudhaifu mkubwa tu. Udhaifu au changamoto za vigezo alivyovitumia
Mulokozi ni kama ifuatavyo:-</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Vigezo vyote hivi vinaweza kuingiliana; mfano kigezo cha
kidhima, kama vile kuonya au kuelimisha huweza kuonekana katika tanzu zaidi ya
moja au hata katika vipera mbalimbali.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Pia kigezo cha namna ya uwasilishaji huweza kuingiliana
kutoka utanzu mmoja hadi mwingine. Mfano, katika utanzu wa masimulizi na
mazungumzo.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Vilevile kigezo cha wahusika; kigezo hiki huweza kuingiliana
katika utanzu mmoja na mwingine. Mfano, unaweza kuwa na hadithi yenye wanyama,
binadamu, mizimu na kadhalika. Hivyo inakuwa si jambo rahisi kuona tofauti
zilizopo.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Kwa kuhitimisha, tunaweza kusema kwamba ni vigumu kuainisha
tanzu na vipera vya Fasihi Simulizi kutokana na kwamba, Fasihi Simulizi
hubadilika badilika kifani, kimaumbo na hata kimaudhui kwa kutegemea muktadha
na namna ya uwasilishaji wake. Kwa mfano ngano iliyopo katika masimulizi ni
tofauti na ngano iliyopo katika maghani. Hivyo basi tatizo hili linaweza
kutatuliwa kwa kutumia istilahi tofauti katika vipera au tanzu
zinazoingiliana.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
</blockquote>
</div>
<ul style="text-align: justify;">
<li><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">MAREJEO:</span></li>
</ul>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Mulokozi, M. M. (1989). Tanzu za Fasihi Simulizi: Katika
Mulika 21. TUKI. Dar es Salaam.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Mulokozi, M.M. (1996). Utangulizi wa Fasihi Simulizi ya
Kiswahili. TUKI. Dar es Salaam.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Wamitila, K.W. (2003). Kamusi ya Fasihi, Istilahi na
Nadharia. Focus Publications Ltd.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Nairobi.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">TUKI, (2004). Kamusi ya Kiswahili Sanifu. (Toleo
la Pili). East Africa: Oxford University Press na Taasisi ya Uchunguzi wa
Kiswahili (TUKI).</span></blockquote>
</div>
chombozhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13502576164161381299noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6333082310905679072.post-69731753285673336632015-09-17T07:44:00.002-07:002015-09-17T07:44:39.813-07:00FONOLOJIA<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<div align="center" class="MsoTitle" style="text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 28.0pt;">Fonolojia Ya Kiswahili</span></b></div>
</div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Neno fonolojia linatokana na maneno mawili ya Kigiriki
phone-sauti za kusemwa na logos- taaluma/mtalaa. Masimulizi yanadai kuwa
taaluma hii ilianza zamani sana kati ya mwaka 460 kabla ya Masihia huko India
ya kale, ambapo mtu aliyeitwa Panini, na ambaye huaminika kuwa ni baba wa isimu
aliandika kuhusu fonolojia ya Kisansikriti katika matini aliyoiita Shiva
Sutras. Ni katika andiko hili ndipo alipobainisha kuwepo kwa dhana ambazo leo
hii hujulikana kama fonimu, mofimu na mzizi. </span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Baada ya andiko hilo, habari za taaluma ya fonolojia ni kama
zilipotea kabisa katika uwanja wa isimu hadi ilipofika karne ya 19 ambapo
wanaisimu wengine waliibuka na kuzungumzia upya masuala ya fonolojia. Miongoni
mwa wanaisimu wa mwanzo</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> wanaotajwa</span></div>
<a name='more'></a> kujihusisha na fonolojia ni Mpolandi "Jan
Baudouin de Courtenay" , (pamoja na mwanafunzi wake wa zamani
"Mikołaj Kruszewski" alipobuni neno fonimu mnamo mwaka 1876, na kazi
yake, ijapokuwa hairejelewi sana, inachukuliwa kuwa ni mwanzo wa fonolojia
mamboleo. Mwanaisimu huyu si tu alishughulikia nadharia ya fonimu, bali pia
vighairi vya kifonetiki (ambavyo leo huitwa alofoni na mofofonolojia).
Maandishi ya Panini (Sarufi ya Kisanskriti) pamoja na Jan Baudouin de Courtenay
yalikuja kuwa na athari kubwa kwa anayeaminika kuwa baba wa nadharia ya Umuundo
Mamboleo, Ferdinand de Saussure, ambaye pia alikuwa ni profesa wa Sansikriti.
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Wanaisimu wote hawa walikuwa wanajaribu kulinganisha sauti za
lugha za Asia Mashariki na za Ulaya, lengo lao likiwa ni kujua mizizi ya lugha
zilizoitwa India-Ulaya. Kutokana na mkabala huo, katika kipindi hicho isimu
ilikuwa Isimu-linganishi tu. Kutokana na tafiti zao hizo waliweza kupata maneno
yenye sauti na maana zilizolingana, kufanana au kukaribiana. Utafiti huo
uliweza kugundua jamii mbili za lugha ambazo ni jamii ya lugha za Kirumi na
jamii ya lugha za Kijerumani. Baadhi ya wanaisimu mahususi kabisa wanaokumbukwa
kuchangia katika maendeleo ya fonolojia ni pamoja na:</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">(i) Jan Baudouin de Courtenay (1845-1929)</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Kama ilivyoelezwa hapo awali, huyu ni mwanaisimu aliyebuni
dhana za foni na fonimu. Katika nadharia yake, alidai kuwa sauti za mwanadamu
ni za aina mbili—foni na fonimu.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Alisema
kuwa foni ni sauti za kutamkwa tu lakini fonimu ni sauti za lugha. Hata hivyo,
de Courtenay hakutumia istilahi za foni na fonimu (kama zinavyotajwa sasa) bali
alitumia istilahi za anthrophonics—foni na psychophonics—fonimu. Yeye alidai
kuwa foni zipo karibu sana na taaluma ya kumuelewa binadamu pamoja na alasauti
zake ambazo kwa hakika hutofautiana sana na za wanyama wengine. Na kuhusu fonimu,
alidai kuwa zinahusu kumwelewa binadamu pamoja na akili zake na namna
anavyofikiri katika akili yake. Alidai kuwa, mara nyingi, binadamu hupokea
kinachotamkwa na kufasiliwa.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">(ii) Ferdinand de Saussure (1887-1913)</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Ni mwanaisimu wa Kiswisi anayejulikana kama baba wa isimu
kutokana na mchango wake alioutoa katika taaluma hii. Yeye anakumbukwa zaidi
kutokana na uwezo wake wa kutofautisha dhana alizoziita langue—mfumo wa lugha
mahsusi na parole—matamshi ya mzungumzaji wa lugha husika. Langage hufafanuliwa
kuwa ni uwezo alionao mzungumzaji wa lugha mahususi wa kuzungumza na kuelewa
matamshi ya mzungumzaji mwingine wa lugha hiyohiyo. Ni sehemu ya lugha
inayowakilisha maarifa kati ya sauti na alama. Ni mfumo wa alama kwa maana ya
kiufundi tu. Dai lake la msingi ni kuwa alama inategemea vitu viwili—kitaja na
kitajwa—hivyo ili mawasiliano yafanyike, mfumo wa ishara lazima ufahamike na
ukubaliwe na wanajamii wote.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Kwa upande wa parole, anadai kuwa ni matendo uneni. Ni namna
lugha inavyotamkwa katika hali halisi na mtu mmoja mmoja. Dhana ya parole
inalingana na dhana ya performance (utendi) ya Noam Chomsky. Katika lugha,
parole ni matamshi tofauti ya sauti moja—alofoni. Wanaisimu wanaonekana
kukubaliana na madai ya Saussure kwakuwa inaelekea kuthibitika kuwa hakuna
uhusiano wa moja kwa moja kati ya kitaja na kitajwa [alama (lugha) na
kinachowakilishwa (masilugha)], bali makubaliano baina ya wazungumzaji wa lugha
moja husika ndiyo hutawala.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">(iii) Nikolai Trubetzkoy (1890-1939)</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Ni miongoni mwa waanzilishi wa taaluma ya fonolojia akichota
mizizi ya taaluma ya isimu kutoka katika Skuli ya Prague. Mwanaisimu huyu
aliandika misingi ya fonolojia kwa kutumia maarifa yaliyoibuliwa na Ferdinand
de Saussure. Ni mtaalamu wa kwanza kufasili dhana ya fonimu. Aliandika vitabu
vingi kwa lugha ya Kijerumani, miongoni mwake ni Grundzüge der Phonologie
(Principles of Phonology, 1939), ambapo ni katika kitabu hicho ndimo alimotoa
fasili ya fonimu pamoja na kubainisha tofauti baina ya fonetiki na fonolojia.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">(iv) Noam Chomsky (1928-)</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Huyu ni mwanaisimu wa Kimarekani anayevuma sana kwa mchango
wake katika taaluma ya isimu kwa ujumla. Dhana za competence (umilisi) na
perfomance (utendi) zimemfanya awe maarufu ulimwenguni. Dhana hizi zinaelezea
tofauti baina ya maarifa na udhihirishaji wa maarifa hayo ya mtumiaji wa lugha.
Katika fonolojia, Chomsky anakumbukwa kwa ufafanuzi wake wa dhana ya fonimu kwa
mtazamo wa kisaikolojia. Anapochunguza dhana hii, hudai kuwa fonimu ni tukio la
kisaikolojia, hivyo fonimu zimo kichwani mwa mzungumzaji wa lugha.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">(v) Daniel Jones (1881-1967)</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Ni mwanafonetiki kinara na maarufu kabisa katika nusu ya
kwanza ya karne ya ishirini. Ni Mwingereza msomi ambaye alikuwa na shahada ya
kwanza ya hisabati na shahada ya mahiri ya sheria, shahada ambazo hata hivyo,
hakuwahi kuzitumia. Baadae, alisomea lugha na kuhitimu shahada ya uzamivu.
Daniel Jones alifunzwa fonetiki na maprofesa mbalimbali, japokuwa aliathiriwa
zaidi na Paul Passy na Henry Sweet. Hamu yake kuu ilikua kwenye nadharia ya
fonetiki. Anafahamika zaidi kwa ufafanuzi wa dhana ya fonimu kwa mtazamo wa
kifonetiki (ufafanuzi wake tutauchunguza katika sehemu ya mitazamo ya dhana ya
fonimu).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
</blockquote>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">FONETIKI NA FONOLOJIA</span></div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Fasili ya taaluma ya fonolojia haiwezi kukamilika, na pengine
kueleweka, iwapo hakuna linalosemwa kuhusiana na taaluma ya fonetiki. Hali hii
inatokana na ukweli kuwa kuna uhusiano wa kinasaba kati ya fonolojia na
fonetiki. Massamba na wenzake (2004:5) wananeneleza ukweli huu kwamba:</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">…fonetiki na fonolojia ni matawi mawili tofauti ya isimu
lakini yenye kuhusiana sana. Uhusiano wa matawi haya unatokana na ukweli kwamba
yote mawili yanajihusisha na uchunguzi na uchambuzi unaohusu sauti za lugha za
binadamu.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Kutokana na ukweli huu, jitihada za kufasili dhana ya
fonolojia inaelekea kuwa nyepesi, dhana hizi mbili zinapofasiliwa kwa
mlinganyo. Tuanze na fonetiki:</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">FONETIKI NI NINI?</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Fonetiki ni tawi la isimu linalochunguza sauti za kutamkwa na
binadamu ambazo huweza kutumika katika lugha asilia. Massamba na wenzake (kama
hapo juu) wanafasili fonetiki kuwa ni tawi la isimu linalohusika na uchunguzi
na uchambuzi wa taratibu za utoaji, utamkaji, usafirishaji, usikiaji, na
ufasili wa sauti za lugha za binadamu kwa ujumla. Wanasisitiza kwamba,
kinachochunguzwa katika fonetiki ni [maumbo] mbalimbali ya sauti zinazoweza
kutolewa na alasuti za binadamu (yaani sauti za binadamu zinazotamkwa tu).
Kipashio cha msingi cha uchambuzi wa kifonetiki ni foni.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Foni ni sauti yoyote inayotamkwa na binadamu na inayoweza
kutumika katika lugha fulani. Hivyo basi, foni ni nyingi sana na hazina maana
yoyote. Wanafonetiki hudai kuwa foni zimo katika bohari la sauti (dhana
dhahania) ambalo kila lugha huchota sauti chache tu ambazo hutumika katika
lugha mahususi. Sauti chache zinazoteuliwa na lugha mahususi kutoka katika
bohari la sauti huitwa fonimu.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Matawi ya Fonetiki: Kuna mitazamo miwili tofauti kuhusiana na
matawi ya fonetiki. Mtazamo wa kwanza ni unaodai kuwepo matawi matatu; na
mtazamo wa pili ni unaodai kuwepo matawi manne. Mtazamo wa kuwepo matawi matatu
unataja fonetiki matamshi, fonetiki akustika, na fonetiki masikizi. Mtazamo wa
kuwepo matawi manne (kama Massamba na wenzake (kama hapo juu), pamoja na matawi
tuliyokwisha yataja, wanongezea tawi fonetiki tibamatamshi.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Fonetiki matamshi huchunguza jinsi sauti za lugha
zinavyotamkwa kwa kutumia alasauti. Hususani, huchunguza namna na mahali pa
kutamkia sauti husika. Fonetiki akustika huchunguza jinsi mawimbi ya sauti
yanavyosafiri kutoka katika kinywa cha mtamkaji hadi kufika katika sikio la
msikilizaji. Fonetiki masikizi hujihusisha na mchakato wa ufasili wa sauti za
lugha, hususani uhusiano uliopo baina ya neva za sikio na za ubongo. Na
fonetiki tibamatamshi ni tawi jipya lililozuka mwanzoni mwa karne hii, ambalo
huchunguza matatizo ya utamkaji ambayo binadamu huweza kuzaliwa nayo au
kuyapata baada ya kuzaliwa. Ni tawi linalojaribu kutumia mbinu za kitabibu kuchunguza
matatizo na kutafuta namna ya kuyatatua.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">FONOLOJIA NI NINI?</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Fonolojia ni taaluma ya isimu inayochunguza mifumo ya sauti
za kutamkwa zinazotumika katika lugha asilia mahususi za binadamu.
Inapolinganishwa na fonetiki, inasisitizwa kuwa fonolojia ni tawi la isimu
linalochunguza mifumo ya sauti za lugha mahususi tu, kama vile sauti za
Kiswahili, Kiingereza, Kigogo, n.k. Hata hivyo, wapo wanaisimu wanaoelekea
kukubaliana kuwa kuna fonetiki ya lugha mahususi pia, na kuna fonolojia ya
jumla, na fonetiki ya lugha mahususi. Mathalani, Massamba (1996) licha ya
kufasili fonolojia kuwa ni taaluma ya isimu inayochunguza mfumo wa sauti za
lugha mahususi, anaenda mbele zaidi na kudai kuwa fonolojia inaweza kuchunguza
sauti kwa ujumla wake bila kuzihusisha na lugha mahususi.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Akmajian na wenzake (2001), nao wanadokeza msimamo kama wa
Massamba wanapodai kwamba fonolojia inaweza kuchunguzwa kwa mitazamo miwili
tofauti. Kwanza, fonolojia kama tawi dogo la isimu linalochunguza mfumo na
ruwaza za sauti za lugha mahususi ya binadamu; na pili, fonolojia kama sehemu
ya nadharia ya jumla ya lugha ya binadamu inayohusika na tabia za jumla za
mfumo wa sauti za lugha asilia za binadamu. Katika mhadhara huu, hata hivyo,
tutakuwa wafuasi wa mtazamo unaoona kuwa fonolojia ni tawi la isimu
linaloshughulikia mfumo wa sauti za lugha mahususi, hivyo tuna, kwa mfano,
fonolojia ya Kiswahili, fonolojia ya Kiingereza, fonolojia ya Kiha, fonolojia
ya Kihehe, na fonolojia ya Kibena. Kipashio cha msingi cha fonolojia ni fonimu.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">FONIMU</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Ni kipashio kidogo kabisa cha kifonolojia kinachoweza
kubadili maana ya neno. Hivyo basi, fonimu ina maana, kwakuwa inaweza kubadili
maana ya neno inapobadilishwa nafasi katika neno husika. Foni chache
zilizoteuliwa kutoka katika bohari la sauti ili zitumike kwenye mfumo wa sauti
za lugha mahususi ndiyo fonimu. Hivyo, fonimu ni chache ikilinganishwa na foni.
Idadi ya fonimu za lugha hutofautiana kati ya lugha moja na nyingine.
Mathalani, Kiarabu kina fonimu ishirini na nane (28), Kiswahili kina fonimu
thelathini (30), Kifaransa kina fonimu thelathini na tatu (33), na Kiingereza
kina fonimu arobaini na nne (44). Sauti ambayo huweza kubadilishwa nafasi yake
katika neno lakini maana ikabaki ileile huitwa alofoni.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Alofoni ni kipashio cha kifonolojia kinachotaja hali ambapo
fonimu moja hutamkwa na kuandikwa tofautitofauti bila kubadili maana ya neno.
Mfano:</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Fedha na feza</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Sasa na thatha</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Heri na kheri</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Kwa kifupi, alofoni ni matamshi tofautitofauti ya fonimu
(sauti) moja.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">MITAZAMO YA DHANA YA FONIMU</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Juhudi za kufasili dhana ya fonimu zilizofanywa na wanaisimu
mbalimbali zimezua mitazamo mbalimbali ya namna ya kuchambua dhana hii. Hadi
sasa, mitazamo mitatu ifuatayo ndiyo hujulikana zaidi.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Fonimu ni Tukio la Kisaikolojia</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Huu ni mtazamo uliokuzwa na kutetewa na wanasarufi geuzi-zalishi,
mwanzilishi wake akiwa ni Noam Chomksy. Kwa mujibu wa mtazamo huu, fonimu ni
dhana iliyo katika akili ya mzungumzaji wa lugha. Mtazamo huu unadai kuwa kila
mzungumzaji wa lugha ana maarifa bubu ya idadi na jinsi ya kutamka fonimu za
lugha yake. Chomsky anayaita maarifa haya kuwa ni umilisi (competence). Anadai
kuwa maarifa haya ya fonimu hufanana kwa kiasi kikubwa miongoni mwa
wazungumzaji wa lugha moja husika. Kinachotofautiana ni jinsi ya kudhihirisha
(kutamka) fonimu hizo, yaani utendi (perfomance). Chomsky anabainisha kuwa kuna
uwezekano mkubwa wa kuhitilafiana baina ya umilisi na utendi kutokana na
matatizo mbalimbali ambayo mzungumzaji hukabiliana nayo. Matatizo hayo ni kama
vile uchovu, ulemavu wa viungo vya matamshi (alasauti za lugha), athari za
mazingira, ulevi, na maradhi. Hivyo, kutokana na hali hii, fonimu hubaki kuwa
tukio la kiakili, yaani kisaikolojia tu.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Fonimu ni Tukio la Kifonetiki</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Wafuasi wa mtazamo huu wanaongozwa na Daniel Jones. Daniel
Jones anaiona fonimu kuwa ni [umbo] halisi.</span></div>
</blockquote>
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<div style="border-bottom: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; border: none; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent1; mso-element: para-border-div; padding: 0in 0in 4.0pt 0in;">
<div align="center" class="MsoTitle" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="color: #274e13;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 20.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 26.0pt;">SIFA YA NGANO
NI UFUPI PAMOJA NA MUUNDO WA MOJA KWA MOJA. JADILI</span></b></span></div>
</div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Katika
kujibu swali hili kwanza itaelezwa maana ya ngano kwa mujibu wa wataalamu
mbalimbali, kisha kiini cha swali na mwisho litatolewa hitimisho ambapo tutatoa
mapendekezo kuhusu maana ya ngano</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kwa
kuanza na maana ya ngano, Hamisi na Madumulla (1989:5) wanaeleza kuwa </span><br />
<a name='more'></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ngano (vigano,
hurafa) ni hadithi za kimapokeo zitumiazo wahusika kama wanyama, miti na watu
kuelezea au kuonya kuhusu maisha. Utanzu huu unajumuisha fani kadhaa kama vile;</span></div>
</blockquote>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Istiara,
wakifasili kama hadithi ambayo maana yake ya wazi inawakilisha maana nyingine, iliyofichika
(yaani hadithi nzima ni kama sitiari)</span></li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mbazi
ni hadithi fupi yenye mafunzo itolewayo kama kielelezo wakati wa maongezi au wa
kumkanya mtu.</span></li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kisa
ni hadithi fupi ya kufurahisha kuhusu tukio la kweli.</span></li>
</ul>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Fasili
hii inaonekana kuwa na udhaifu kwa sababu tunajua kwamba ngano si maelezo
ambayo huelezwa bali ni masimulizi ambayo husimulia kuhusu kisa fulani na
kupitia simulio hilo ndilo hutupatia maonyo na mafunzo na vilevile huweza kuburudisha.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kwa
mujibu wa Kubo na Wenzake (2011) Ngano ni masimulizi yanayotumia viumbe na vitu
vingine visivyo na uhai kama wahusika. Viumbe hivyo ni pamoja na wanyama, mfano
Fisi, Tembo, Sungura, Ndege na Wadudu. Wanaendelea kusema kuwa Ngano zinatumia
muundo maalumu unaozitofautisha na masimulizi mengine. Vipengele vikuu vya
Ngano ni pamoja na:</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 3.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">a)
Visasili ni hadithi zinazoeleza kwa nini viumbe tofauti huwa na tabia, maumbile
au uhusiano fulani.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Mfano: “sababu ya
Mbuni kuwa na shingo ndefu.”</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 3.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">b)
Hekaya ni ngano fupi zinazohadithia matukio yanayoonyesha hila, ujanja na hustaajabisha
mara kwa mara Mfano: “<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Abunuwasi na
Sufuria”</b></span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 3.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span>Abunuwasi alikwenda kwa jirani yake
kuazima sufuria za kupikia katika karamu aliyokuwa nayo kwake. Jirani alimpa
Abunuwasi sufuria huku akinung’unika, Abunuwasi hakufurahishwa na jinsi jirani
yake alivyonung’unika.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Baada
ya kuzitumia sufuria, Abunuwasi aliamua kumfunza jirani yake ujirani mwema.
Akarejesha sufuria aliyokuwa ameazima, pamoja na nyingine ndogo. Jirani kuuliza
kwa nini Abunuwasi amerejesha sufuria mbili badala ya moja aliyomwazima
alisema,</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 3.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">“Rafiki
yangu, sufuria yako ilikuwa na bahati nzuri, badala ya kuitumia ilipata mtoto ndio
maana narejesha sufuria mbili badala ya moja”.</i> Mwenye sufuria alishukuru
sana.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 3.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Baada
ya muda, Abunuwasi alimrudia jirani yake na kumwomba vyombo vya kutumia; jirani
naye kwa matarajio ya kuongeza vifaa vya nyumbani, akamwazima Abunuwasi
takribani kila kitu alichotaka.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 3.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ilichukua
muda mrefu bila kurejeshewa chochote kile, naye akaenda hadi kwa Abunuwasi.
Akamkuta Abunuwasi ameshika tama, alimwelezea jirani kuwa:</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 3.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">“Vyombo vyake vilikuwa
na bahati mbaya wakati huu kwani vilikufa vyote”</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
Alipodadisi zaidi akamwambia chochote kizaacho bwana hufa, sufuria ilizaa mara
ya kwanza, wakati huu vyombo vyako vilipatwa na mkasa vikafa vyote, pole ndugu.
Hapo jirani alienda zake kwa kilio kingi.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 3.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">c)
Hurafa ni masimulizi ambayo hutumia wanyama kama wahusika katika kutoa ujumbe
wake. Hutumia mbinu ya kuvipa uhai vitu na sifa za kibinadamu vitu ambavyo kwa
kawaida havina uhai. Wanyama ambao hutumika sana katika hurufa/ kharafa ni kaka
Sungura, Fisi, Mzee kobe, Chura, Ndege na Nyoka.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 3.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">d)
Istiara ni hadithi ya kimafumbo ambayo maana yake haijitokezi moja kwa moja.
Maana yake ya wazi inawakilisha maana nyingine isiyokuwa ya wazi, mfano;<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 3.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ngano ya “Msafiri na
Ngamia”</span></b></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 3.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span>Msafiri mmoja aliamua kupumzika kutokana
na upepo mkali na vumbi la jangwani. Aliamua kukaa ndani ya hema yake hadi hali
hiyo ya hewa ibadilike ndipo aendelee na safari yake. </span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 3.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span>Ngamia wake pale nje alikumbwa na baridi
kali hivyo akaamua kumuomba hifadhi ndani ya hema la bwana wake. “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Bwana nakuomba uniruhusu nitie kichwa ndani
ya hema </i></span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 3.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">nijiepushe na athari za
upepo na mavumbi yaliyoko hapa nje”.</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Yule msafiri alikataa
na kumweleza kuwa haingewezekana kwani hema lilikuwa dogo. Lakini ngamia
alimrairai hadi bwana wake alipokubali.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 3.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span></span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ngamia alipoona kuwa
kichwa chake kiko ndani aliomba aingize shingo yake, akidai kuwa shingo
haitachukua nafasi kubwa, naye msafiri alikakubali.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 3.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span>Baadaye akakubaliwa kuingiza hata nundu
yake na hatimaye akaingiza wote mzima. Msafiri kutanabahi, alikuwa amerushwa
nje, huku ngamia akidai kuwa wasingeweza kuenea pamoja kwani hema lilikuwa
dogo. Basi msafiri akaumia nje huku baridi inamzizima ingawa hema lilikuwa
lake.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 3.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span>Hali ya hewa ilipobadilika, msafiri
alimwambia ngamia kuwa wangeendelea na safari. Baada ya siku kadhaa hali ya
hewa ilibadilika, mvua kubwa ikanyesha naye msafiri akatafuta hifadhi ndani ya
hema lake. Licha ya kuwa ngamia alimbembeleza angalau aijiepushe na baridi,
msafiri alikuwa ameapa kutorudia kosa lake la wali. </span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 3.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Istiara
hii inaonya dhidi ya wenyeji kuwaruhusu wageni umiliki mali zao; kama jamii za
Kiafrika zilivyofanyiwa na wakoloni wakatwaa ardhi yao.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">e)
Ngano za kijanja ni masimulizi haya huhusu wanyama wadogo wanaotumia ujanja wa
hali ya juu ili kujinasua na hali ngumu au mitego waliyotegewa.</span></li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">f)
Mbazi hii ni hadithi isiyokuwa ndefu inayotolewa katika maongezi ili kutoa
mafunzo yenye uadilifu.</span></li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">g)
Ngano za mazimwi ni masimulizi yanayohusu majitu ya ajabu ambayo hudhuru na
kumwangamiza binadamu </span></li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">i)
Ngano ya mtanziko haya ni masimuluzi ambayo mhusika mkuu anajikuta katika hali
ngumu na anashindwa kutoa uamuzi wowote kwa kuwa kila aina ya uamuzi ungemletea
athari mbaya. </span></li>
</ul>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Katika
fasili ya Kubo na Wenzake (2011) inaonekana kueleza Ngano kwa kuegemea kwenye
wahusika wanyama na wadudu na viumbe wengine wasiokuwa na uhai hawamuelezei
binadamu </span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">kama
mhusika mojawapo wa ngano. Tunaona kwamba kutokana na maendeleo ya sayansi na teknolojia
mhusika binadamu naye aliingizwa katika Ngano. </span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Wamitila
(2003)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>anaeleza kuwa Ngano ni hadithi za
kimapokeo ambazo huwatumia wahusika wa aina mbalimbali (wanyama , miti ,au<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>watu) kusimulia<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>tukio<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>au kisa fulani chenye mafunzo.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 3.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Anaendelea
kusema kuwa kuna aina mbalimbali za ngano kama vile:</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 3.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ngano
za mazimwi, Ngano za usuli, Ngano ya kishujaa, Ngano za hekaya, Ngano za hurafa
au wanyama, Ngano za mtanziko, Ngano za kimafumbo (kuna ngano za Istiara,
mbazi/vigano, mchapo/ kidahizo), Ngano za kichimba kazi/ kudhubahi na Soga.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mulokozi
(1996) anasema kuwa Ngano ni hadithi za kimapokeo zitumiazo wahusika kama
wanyama, mazimwi, miti na watu kuelezea au kuonya kuhusu maisha. </span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 3.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ikichunguzwa
vema fasili hii ya Mulokozi, utaona ina udhaifu kwa sababu ngano kama mojawapo
ya kipera cha fasihi simulizi ina dhima ya kuburudisha, kutunza amali za jamii,
kuendeleza fani husika na sio kuonya tu. Hii ina maana kwamba mtu akisikiliza
ngano au akisoma ngano atapata mafunzo vilevile ataburudika kutokana na ngano
hiyo.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 3.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Senkoro
(2011) anaeleza kuwa Ngano ni utanzu wa kifasihi simulizi ambao ulipitishwa
toka kizazi kimoja hadi kingine kwa njia ya mdomo. </span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 3.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kutokana
na fasili ya Senkoro (kishatajwa) kwa sasa fasili hiyo haina mashiko kwa sababu
Ngano huweza kuwasilishwa kwa kutazamwa kupitia luninga, kusomwa kwenye vitabu,
kusikiliza kupitia vinasa sauti hii ni kutokana na maendeleo ya sayansi na
teknolojia ambayo ni tofauti na zamani ambapo ilitegemea kupitishwa kwa kutumia
mdomo.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 3.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hivyo
tunaweza kusema kuwa ngano ni masimulizi ya hadithi za kimapokeo zinazotumia
viumbe vyenye uhai na visivyo na uhai kama wahusika mfano; Wanyama kama vile
Tembo, Sungura, Kobe na binadamu. Kutokana na aina Ngano zilizoelezwa na
wataalamu mbalimbali<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>tunaweza kuziweka
katika makundi makuu matano ambazo ni: Istiara, Mbazi, Hekaya, Mtanziko na
Hurafa/kharafa. </span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 3.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kutokana
na swali, ni kweli kukubali kwamba, moja ya sifa zinazotumika kuelezea maana ya
ngano ni ufupi pamoja na muundo wa moja kwa moja. Ili kudhibitisha usemi huu
kazi hii itatumia sifa mbalimbali za ngano ambazo hutofautisha na tanzu
nyingine za fasihi simulizi kama ifuatavyo; </span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 3.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kwa
kuanza na suala la wahusika, tukiangalia katika ngano wahusika wake hawaelezwi
kwa undani zaidi bali huchukuliwa kwa kiwango cha jumla jumla ambapo wahusika
hao mara nyingi huwa ni wahusika bapa ambao hawabadiliki kuanzia mwanzo wa
hadithi hadi mwisho. Mtaalamu Senkoro (2011) anawagawa katika makundi makuu
mawili ambayo ni wahusika wema na wahusika wabaya, vilevile anadai kuwa
wahusika hawa ni wachache. Hivyo kutokana na maelezo hayo ndiyo yanayotumika
kuelezea ufupi wa ngano.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mfano
wa Ngano: </span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 3.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">“SHINGO YA MBUNI NA
MAMBA” (Wamitila 2004)</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 3.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hapo
zamani za kale mbuni na mamba walikuwa na urafiki mkubwa sana. Kila wakati
mbuni alipokwenda mtoni kunywa maji alisalimiana na rafiki yake mamba kwa
mapenzi makubwa. Mbuni alimthamini sana rafiki yake huyo. Ingawa mamba hula
wanyama na ndege (akifanikiwa kuwashika) yeye hakuweza kumdhuru rafiki yake
mbuni hata siku moja. </span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 3.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Siku
moja mamba alisubiri wanyama waje kunywa maji kama kawaida yake kila siku.
Yalikuwa mazoea yake kila wajapo kunywa maji, mamba anajificha majini na kusogea
hadi walipokuwa wanakunywa maji hayo. Hapo alimrukia mnyama mmoja na kumng’ata
kwa meno yake na kumvuta majini kwenda kumlia huko. Baada ya shibe alitoka
majini na kijilaza mchangani kuota jua karibu na mto.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 3.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Basi
siku moja mamba alikuwa na njaa, siku hiyo alitegemea wanyama kama kawaida
yake. Lakini kwa bahati mbaya hakuna mnyama hata mmoja aliyekuja kunywa maji.
Njaa ya ajabu ilimshika mamba asijue la kufanya. Alipokuwa katika hali hiyo
alimwona rafiki <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>yake mbuni akaja. Sina
njia nyingine isipokuwa kumshika mbuni na kumla kuizima njaa iliyonishika.
Mbuni alimsogea na kumsalimu rafiki yake kama kawaida. Mbuni alitambua kuwa
hakuwa na furaha kama kawaida yake. </span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 3.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">‘Rafiki
yangu mamba una nini?’ Aliuliza mbuni.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 3.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">‘Kwa
nini?’ Aliuliza mamba kwa sauti ya chini na ya unyonge.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">‘Naona
huna furaha kabisa’ Alisema mbuni.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">‘Nina
jino linalonisumbua sana’ Alisema mamba. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 3.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">‘Jino?’
Aliuliza mbuni kwa msangao mkubwa.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 3.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">‘Ndiyo,
nilikuwa nikisubiri tu uniangalie na kunieleza hali ya jino hilo,’ Alisema
mamba </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 3.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">‘Oh!
Pole sana. Basi fungua kinywa niangalie’ Alisema mbuni </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 3.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">‘Ndiyo
rafiki.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Jino la mwisho kabisa’ Alisema
mamba.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 3.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mbuni
alikiingiza kichwa chake ndani kuliangalia jino la rafiki yake mamba. Mara tu
alipofanya hivyo, mamba alikifumba kile kinywa chake na kuanza kujivuta kurudi
majini. Mbuni naye alijitahidi kufurukuta. Alijitahidi kwa nguvu zake zote
kujivuta nyuma. Kadiri Mbuni alivyojivuta nyuma ndivyo mamba naye alivyojivuta
kuelekea majini kinyumenyume. Mvutano huo uliendelea mpaka kwa bahati mbuni
akafanikiwa kufurukuta na kukitoa kichwa chake kwenye kinywa cha mamba.
Alitimua mbio na kurudi zake porini. Urafiki wake na mamba uliisha siku hiyo.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 3.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Katika
Ngano hii tunaelezwa jinsi mbuni na mamba walivyokuwa marafiki na mwisho
tunaona wanakuwa maadui kwa sababu mamba hakuwa na urafiki wa kweli kwa mbuni.
Hivyo hadithi hii ni fupi kwa sababu ina wahusika wawili ambao ni mbuni na
mamba na hawajaelezwa kwa undani zaidi na hiyo ndiyo inayofanya hadithi hii
kuwa fupi.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 3.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mandhari
pia huweza kufanya hadithi au Ngano kuwa fupi kwa sababu katika Ngano mandhari
hayapewi nafasi kubwa ila tu pale ambapo yamehitajika yaongezee undani wa
maudhui </span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 3.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">(hasa
kiishara) ama kwa hakika wakati mwingine hatuelezwi kabisa kuhusu mandhari kwa mujibu
wa Senkoro (2011). Mfano wa Ngano. </span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">“MWINDAJI NA BIBI KIZEE” (mfano wa
hadithi ya Kiswahili)</span></b></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 3.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hapo
zamani za kale palikuwa na mwindaji ambaye alikuwa na mke na watoto wawili. Siku
moja mwindaji akaenda msituni kuwinda, alipofika huko hakufanikiwa kupata nyama
aliamua kurudi nyumbani. Siku ya pili aliamka asubuhi na mapema akaenda tena
msituni lakini alirudi nyumbani mikono mitupu. Siku ya tatu akaenda tena
msituni alipofika alikaa chini ya mti mkubwa akisubiri wanyama. </span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 3.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mara
ghafla akatokea bibi kizee akamuuliza kwa nini yuko pale, Yule mwindaji alimhadithia
bibi yule yaliyomsibu. Bibi Yule akampa mwindaji mayai matatu akamwambia aende
nyumbani akifika apasue yai moja moja na aombe anachokitaka. </span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 3.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mwindaji
aliyachukua mayai akaenda nyumbani akafanya kama jinsi alivyoelekezwa, Alipasua
yai la kwanza akaomba chakula wakala na familia yake wakashiba. Akapasua la
pili akaomba nyumba ikatokea, akapasua la tatu akaomba awe na watumishi wakaja.
Rafiki yake kuona hivyo akatamani na yeye awe kama mwenzake. Hivyo alimuuliza
alivyofanya, yule mtu akamueleza yote aliyofanya. </span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 3.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Rafiki
yake naye alifanya hivyo kama alivyoambiwa na yule mtu, naye ilipofika siku ya
tatu akapewa mayai na Yule bibi kizee, akarudi nyumbani alipofika akakaa ili
afikirie cha kufanya huku ameshikiria yale mayai mkononi. Mara yai moja
likaanguka akasema macho yangu, mara mwili mzima akajaa macho, akasema tena
macho yote yaondoke mara yakaondoka macho yote akabaki bila macho, akaomba tena
naomba macho yangu yarudi mara yakarudi macho yake. Na hadithi yangu ikaishia
hapo. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Mfano mwingine wa Ngano ni</b></span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 3.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Ngano ya “DEGE” <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 3.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hapo
zamani za kale waliondokea mtu, mkewe na mtoto wao wa kiume. Watu hao walikuwa
na maisha mazuri tu ambayo hayana hitaji lisilokidhiwa. Siku moja, majira ya
asubuhi sana, yule mtoto
mwanamume alikuwa nje akicheza. Mara hiyo akamwona kipepeo mzuri mmmmmno.
Mwenye rangi mzomzo, zilizooana kwa urembo na ulimbo wa ajabu. </span>
</div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Yule
mtoto akawa anajaribu kumkamata yule kipepeo kwa kuchupa na kumrukia kama
sungura na zabibu. Alichupaaaaaa, akaruka huyooo. Lakini kila akichupa na
kuruka, utadhani waliagana na kipepeo yule, kwani kipepeo pia alichupa na
kuruka. Mtoto alizidi kuchupa na kuruka, akiwa anamfuatia yule kipepeo. Yakawa
ni mashindano ya kuchupa na kuruka. Haooooo! Msitu na nyika, msitu na nyika;
hata kushtukia wako mbaliiii! Mtoto hajui mbele wala nyuma, hajui pa kupata
njia wala pa kupotelea. Mradi tu alijikuta yuko peke yake, kachoka taabani wa
Shaabani, kiu imemkamata kijana, ulimi nje nje kama wa mbwa. Na kipepeo naye
nd'o hivo, haonekani tena. </span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Basi
bwana! Kijana wetu huyo alikaa chini ya mti ambao ulikuwa umeambatana na mwamba
uliokuwa katikati ya njia kubwa. Akawa anawaza ya nyumbani, lakini afanyeje
masikini wa watu. Na jua nalo nd'o hivo linakwenda kama lilivyopangiwa. Njaa
imembana, na kiu kimemkamata; afanye nini?</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span>Ghafla, kijana wetu akaona matone
yadondokayo kutoka kwenye mwamba. Matone yakazidi kudondoka, makubwa hayoo.
Kijana akakurupuka huyoooo! Mbio kama vile kamwona tena yule kipepeo. Akaokota
kifuu cha nazi, akayakinga yale matone. Akakinga weee! Hata wakati maji yale
yanakaribia kujaa, akaona ayanywe kuituliza ile kiu yake kali. Akaelekeza kifuu
chenye maji mdomoni mwake. Lakini, ghafla, likaja dege kubwa hilo! Dege lisilo
na mfano. Mbawa zake zilikuwa zikipiga, na upepo karibu umwangushe kijana wetu.
Hilooo, likakipiga kile kifuu na kuyamwaga yale maji yooote! Halafu likajiendea
zake likimwacha kijana anahaha kwa kiu na woga. Lakini kijana wetu hakukata
tamaa. Alikinga mara ya pili; tena akawa ameshikilia kifuu imara zaidi ya mara
ya kwanza. Alipojaribu kunywa, lile dege hilooo! Likampokonya kile kifuu tena. </span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mara
ya tatu yalipotokea yale, kijana akaamua kwenda juu ya mwamba kuona kulikoni
huko yanakotokea yale maji.Akapanda, akapanda, akapandaaaa! Halafu hukooo juu
kabisa ya ule mwamba, kijana akalikuta joka! Joka joka hasaaa! Limelala
utadhania limekufa, ijapokuwa macho yake makubwa kama nazi yalikuwa
yakigeukageuka kama ya kinyonga. Kijana hakulikaribia dude lile; bali pale
akagundua yalikokuwa yanatoka yale maji. Domo la joka lile lilikuwa wazi, na
sumu yalo ikitiririka kama maji mferejini hadi kule chini ya mwamba. Kijana
mwili ulimsisimka, moyo ukamchachatika. Alijua.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 3.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ghafla,
lile dege likaja tena. Mara hii si kwa kasi kama mwanzo. Masikini kijana wetu.
Kule nyumbani wazazi wake wote wawili, wa kuukeni na wa kuumeni walikuwa
wakikata roho kwa huzuni ya kumpoteza mtoto wao. </span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 3.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Lile
dege likamjia yule mwanamume na kumchukua hangahanga, juu kwa juu. Likawa
linampepea mwanamume yule asiungue jua. Lilipaaaaaaa. Halafu ghafla likaanza
kushuka. Kijana mwanamume alipoangalia chini akajua kuwa karudishwa nyumbani
kwao. Akafurahi, na hadithi yangu ikaishia hapo hapo.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Katika
hadithi au Ngano hizi mbili tunaona kwamba mandhari hayapewi nafasi kubwa sana
yaani hayaelezwi kwa undani zaidi mandhari yaliyotumiki yameongezea maudhui ili
yaweze kueleweka vizuri kwa msomaji hivyo kufanya hadithi hizo kuwa fupi.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 3.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Suala
la tukio au visa, Ngano mara nyingi hujengeka juu ya tukio moja au matukio
mawili na tukio hilo humhusu mhusika mkuu mmoja ambaye hubeba wazo la Ngano
husika. Hii husababisha ngano kuwa fupi kwa sababu hakuna mchanganyiko wa visa
na matukio kama ilivyo katika riwaya. Mfano wa Ngano:</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 3.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">“PETE”</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 3.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Paliondokea
mtoto wa<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>mfalme na<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>mkewe<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>ambao<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>walikuwa wakiishi kwa raha.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Siku moja mtoto wa Kifalme aliondoka kwenda
msituni kuwinda.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Baada ya muda alitokea
ndege na kumnyang'anya pete yake na kukimbia nayo. Yule mtoto alianza kumfukuza
yule ndege na kumrai ampe pete yake.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 3.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mkewe
alikaa mpaka usiku anamsubiri mumewe hajarudi. Kwa hivyo siku ya pili aliamua
kwenda kumtafuta mumewe.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Kwa kuhofia
jamaa wa pale wasijue kuwa mumewe hajarudi, aliamua kwenda kuvalia nguo za
mumewe na kutoka kwenda kumtafuta. Baada ya kuvalia vizuri alibadilika sana na
hakuwa na tofauti na mumewe. Baada ya hapo alimchukua mtumishi wake wa kike na
kumvalisha nguo zake za kimalkia.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 3.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Alifunga
safari na kwenda kumtafuta mumewe. Akaingia msitu na nyika, msitu na nyika,
hadi akafika nchi nyingine.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Katika nchi
hiyo alikuwepo mfalme ambae alikuwa na mtoto wa kike.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Kwa hivyo Mfalme alimpokea mtoto huyo wa
kifalme aliyevalia nguo za mumewe, na katika kipindi chote alichokaa kwa mfalme
hakujulikana kuwa ni mwanamke. Kwa hivyo alishughulishwa na kazi zote za kiume.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Siku moja mfalme alimshauri kuwa amuoze
mwanawe.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Yule mtoto hakuweza kuipinga
amri ya mfamle kwa hivyo alimuitikia na kukubali. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 3.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Baada
ya muda kupita, katika bandari ya mfalme kuliingia meli kutoka nchi za nje na
mgeni aliyekuja alikuwa ni mumewe.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Baada
ya meli kufika kuna bwana mmoja aliteremka na kwenda kuonana na mfalme wa nchi
ile, na alimpelekea mfalme zawadi.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Mfalme baadaye alimkabidhi mkewe ili ampe yule mkwe wao vitu vya harusi.
Katika vitu hivyo ilikuwamo ile pete ya mumewe. Pale pale yule mwanamke
akafurahi sana kujua kuwa mumewe yu hai na ndiye aliyekuja na ile meli.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Ilipofika jioni alimwambia Mfalme kuwa atakwenda
pwani kuonana na mgeni. Akaruhusiwa kwenda. Alipofika melini, akamjulisha yule
bwana kuwa yeye ndiye mkewe. Akamueleza mkasa uliomkabili kwa mfalme wa kuozwa
mtoto wa mfalme na hali yeye ni mwanamke. </span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kwa
hivyo alimshauri mumewe kuwa akubali yeye kuoa.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Kwa hivyo pale mipango ya harusi ilipangwa na kuamuliwa kuwa yeye
atahudhuria siku ya harusi hiyo.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Siku
ya harusi ilipowadia, walialikwa wageni wa kila aina.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Sasa wakati wa kuoa ni tayari, na baraza la
mfalme limeshakutanika pamoja. Kadhi wapo tayari kwa kushuhudia harusi. Ndipo
yule mwanamke aliposimama na kumtaka radhi mfamle kwa kumwambia, "Saydina
Mfalme, napenda kukujulisha mbele ya raia zako kuwa mimi nilikubali kumuoa
mwanao kutokana na usalama wangu na pia kuweza kumaliza shughuli ambazo
nimezikusudia katika kupeleleza wapi nitampata mume wangu. Lakini Bwana mfamle
mimi ni mwanamke na huyu bwana ambaye alikuletea zawadi ndie mume wangu. Na
katika zawadi ndimo nimeikuta pete yake iliyonijulisha kuwa yu hai.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Leo ni mwisho wa msako wangu. Sasa kwa vile
shughuli imeshapangwa, kwa hivyo hatuwezi kuivunja."<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Wakati
huo, watu wote wamepigwa na mshangao na vinywa wazi na kuruhusu nzi wapenye na
kupita.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Yule bibi aliendelea, "Kwa
hivyo kwa radhi yangu nakubali mwanao aolewe na mume wangu."<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Watu
walizidi kushangaa kwa yule mwanamke alivyokuwa jasiri kwa kuwa tayari kumtoa
mumewe.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Mfalme alikubali kuwa mwanawe
aolewe na yule bwana na alimshukuru na kumsifu </span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">kwa
kukubali kumtoa mumewe. Kwa hivyo mfalme alimuoza na kutangaza rasmi kuwa yule
bwana atakuwa mfalme wa nchi ile na wataishi pale pamoja na wakeze.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Katika
hadithi hii tunaona kuwa kuna tukio moja tu ambalo linahusu kutafutwa kwa pete
iliyopotea. Hivyo kuwepo kwa tukio moja kumefanya ngano hiyo kuwa fupi.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Suala
la muundo wa ngano ni wa moja kwa moja kama ambavyo wataalamu wengi wanaeleza
mmoja wao ni Senkoro(2011) anasema kuwa Ngano huwa na muundo wa moja kwa moja
kwa sababu mara nyingi huanza na kitangulizi kama:</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">“Paukwa”……..’Pakawa’-
‘kaondokea chenjagaa, kajenga nyumba kaka, mwanangu Mwana siti, kijino kama
chikichi cha kujengea kikuta, na vilango vya kupita- Hapo kale alikuwako……”</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Au</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>“Atokeani”</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>“Naam Twaibu!”</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>“Atokeani!”</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>“Naam Twaibu!”</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>“Kaondokea Chenjagaa…”</span></div>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Katikati</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Habari
yote huelezwa kwa kifupi kwa kusimulia mambo muhimu tu. Mfano; kukua, kuoa au
kuolewa.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mwisho</span></b></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kuishi
raha mstarehe au kufa au hadithi yangu inaishia hapo, ndiyo miisho ya kawaida. Katika
kufafanua zaidi ni kwamba simuliazi za ngano nyingi hazirejelei matukio mengine
bali huwa ni tukio moja tu ambalo huelezwa kuanzia mwazo hadi mwisho.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mfano:
Ngano <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>“KAZI KWA MFALME”</span></b></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Alikuwepo
mtu na mkewe na watoto wao wawili.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Kutokana na hali ya maisha waliyonayo mtoto mkubwa aliamua kuondoka
kwenda kutafuta kazi. Aliambiwa na watu kwamba kwa Mfalme kuna kazi, lakini
kuna masharti yake, pindi ukishindwa utafungwa na ukimshinda mfalme atavua
kilemba chake.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Masharti yenyewe ni:
Mfalme atatoa vitandawili vyake uvijibu na wewe utowe vyako avijibu.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Siku
ilipowadia mtoto alifika kwa mfalme na akapewa masharti na akayakubali.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Mtoto akaanza kutoa vitandawili vyake
vikajibiwa vyote, zamu ya mfalme mtoto akashindwa na akapelekwa kufungwa.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Siku
zilipita mtoto wa pili naye akaamua kumtafuta kaka yake. Alipita njia ile ile
na kupewa masharti yale yale.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Alishindwa
na akafungwa.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mama
yao alijaaliwa kupata mtoto wa mwisho na kila siku mtoto yule akifanya kosa
mama yake husema, "Wawili wamepotea na kwa hiyo si kitu."</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Yule
mtoto yalimuingia ndani ya kichwa maneno yale, akamuuliza baba yake. Baba yake
akamwambia, "Nenda kamuulize mama yako!" <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Mama alimuhadithia yote yale. Mtoto akasema
"Kesho kutwa nitakwenda kuwatafuta."<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Mama alimkubalia, lakini baada ya kukaa na mumewe wakashauriana wakaona
bora mtoto afe pale pale kuliko kufa kama walivyokufa wenziwe. Mtoto aliendelea
kuwasihi mpaka wakamkubalia.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Siku
ilipowadia mtoto alifunga mizigo yake tayari ili asubuhi sana aanze safari.
Wakati amelala mtoto alioteshwa kuwa mama yake anataka kumuuwa, ameweka kisu
ili akenda kumuaga amchome nacho.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Usiku
ule ule aliamka na kuchonga kisu cha mbao na kukibadili na kile ambacho mama
yake angeweza kumuuwa nacho. Kile kisu hasa akakichukua yeye.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Asubuhi
alikwenda kumuaga. Alipogeuka nyuma mama alichukua kisu akamrushia, mtoto
aligeuka nyuma na kumuuliza mama yake, "Nini hicho"?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Mama alisema "Ah nilikuwa nikijaribu tu
sababu baba yako eti anataka kwenda kuwinda". Mtoto kuona vile akavunja
safari akamwambia mama yake kuwa safari itakuwa kesho yake.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ilipofika
usiku alioteshwa tena mama yake kaweka mshale, alikwenda akauondowa na akauweka
wa mbao.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Alipokwenda kumuaga alfajiri
alimrushia nao, alipogeuka alimueleza maneno yale yale, na mtoto alivunja tena
safari. Ikawa siku iliyofuatia usingizini alioteshwa tena, lakini hakujua kuna
nini. Alipoamka alimuaga mama na baba yake. Alipewa chai na mkate na maandazi.
Akanywa na kula, na mengine akafungiwa, mlikuwa mna maandazi yenye sumu.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Alianza
safari yake ya kutwa nzima. Aliposikia njaa alitoa andazi lile lenye sumu,
alitokea paka ikawa analia sana akamkatia andazi akampa, wakati paka anakula
andazi yule mtoto anamtizama. Mara paka akawa anapepesuka; na mara akafa pale
pale. Akatokea mbwa nae </span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">akamla
paka.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Mbwa baada ya muda akafa. Wakaja
nguruwe watatu, wakamla mbwa nao wakafa. Wakaja wasasi sita nao wakakatiana
nguruwe. Watu wawili wakachoma wakala wakafa.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mambo
yote yale mtoto anayatizama akachukua mikuki yao yote sita na like andazi
kipande akenda zake. Alikwenda hadi alipofika kwa mfalme.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Mfalme alimueleza yale yale aliyowaeleza kaka
zake na alikubali.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Mfalme alitoa
vitandawili vyake vitatu na mtoto akavijibu.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span></span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Zamu
ikafika kwa mtoto.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Alikumbuka yaliyomtokea,
na baadaye akasema, “Kitandawili!"</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Akajibiwa,
"Tega!"</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">"Nusu
imeuwa moja, moja imeuwa tatu, tatu imeuwa sita”. Mfalme akawaza, hakujuwa la
kumjibu. Hivyo alishindwa, na akavua kilemba chake akampa yule mtoto. Mtoto
akashika ufalme na akawafungua ndugu zake pamoja na wote waliofungwa.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Mfalme mpya alikaa na kaka zake kwa raha
zote.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Katika
ngano hiyo muundo uliotumika ni muundo wa moja kwa moja ambapo tunaona jinsi
kijana alivyopanga safari yake ijapokuwa kulikuwa na vikwazo vya kila aina
lakini alifanikiwa kusafiri na kufika kwa mfalme na aliposhinda tunaona kuwa
alikabidhiwa kuwa mfalme wa nchi hiyo.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Licha
ya kuwa wataalamu wengi wanatumia kigezo cha ufupi na muundo wa moja kwa moja
katika kuelezea maana ya ngano. Tunaona<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>kwamba wanaeleza hivyo ama kwa kutumia idadi ya kurasa, muda mfupi wa
kusimulia Ngano au kwa kutumia vigezo tulivyoainisha. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hivyo
kigezo cha ufupi wa ngano na muundo wa moja kwa moja katika kuelezea maana ya
ngano kwa hakika kigezo hicho kina udhaifu kwa sababu ukichunguza kwa makini
utagundua kuwa ngano si fupi bali ni ndefu, kwa sababu husimulia mambo mengi
ijapokuwa huwa yamefumbwa sana au huelezwa kwa kutumia mafumbo ambayo huwa katika
sitiari na lugha ya picha au ya kitaswira, hivyo ukifumbua taswira au sitiari hizo
basi Ngano hiyo huwa ni ndefu.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kwa
kifupi tunaweza kusema kuwa urefu wa ngano umejificha katika usitiari na
taswira zinazotumika katika kufupisha ngano. Kwa mfano ngano ikirejelewa maana
inayopatikana katika ngano ya “<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Msafiri
na Ngamia</b>” utaona kuna ufupi mkubwa sana wa mawazo kutokana na </span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">masimulizi
yalivyowekwa kisitiari na kipicha zaidi, lakini maana ya ngano hii ni ndefu
kuliko inavyosumiliwa. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Istiara
hii inaonya dhidi ya wenyeji kuwaruhusu wageni umiliki mali zao; kama jamii za
kiafrika zilivyofanyiwa na wakoloni wakatwaa ardhi yake. </span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Katika
ngano hiyo msimuliaji amefupisha ngano hiyo kwa kutumia sitiari ambapo tunaona
kwamba Ngamia katika ngano hiyo ni wazungu waliokuwa wakoloni ambao walipokuja
kutawala Afrika walimnyang’anya kila kitu Mwafrika kwa kumhaidi kuwa atapata
vitu vingi lakini baada ya kuvipata walimnyanyasa, na Msafiri katika ngano hii ni
Mwafrika ambaye anakubali kurubuniwa. Hivyo ngano hii ikisimuliwa itakuwa ndefu
sana na sio kama inavyosimuliwa hapo juu.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Suala
la muundo wa moja kwa moja, zikitazamwa baadhi ya ngano hazina muundo wa moja
kwa moja, ili kuelewa ngano kama hiyo inabidi urejelee kipengele fulani katika
ngano hiyo. Vilevile ili kuweza kugundua kuwa ngano zina muundo changamano inapaswa
tuangalie muundo wa ndani wa ngano husika kwa kuchambua mawazo yaliyomo ndani,
taswira zilizotumika au lugha ya picha iliyotumika ndipo tutagundua kuwa ngano
zina muundo changamano. Mfano:</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ngano
ya “<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">MWANAMKE MGANGA WA MACHO</b>”</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hapo
kale, palikuwa na mwanamke mmoja na mumewe, pamoja na rafiki yao wa kiume.
Mwanamke huyo akakaa vizuri na mumewe na wakipendana sana na vile vile kumpenda
Yule rafiki wa mumewe kwa kuona kuwa akimkera atakuwa kama alimkera mumewe.
Sasa Yule bwana kazi yake ilikuwa ni biashara. Akitoka, siku nyengine hukaa
mwezi hajarudi na kumuacha mkewe na yule rafiki yake kwa kuona kuwa yeye ndiye
atayemaliza matatizo ya bibi yake. Na vile vile kama akiondoka humuachia mkewe
mahitaji yote ibakie mengine madogo madogo tuu.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Basi
siku hiyo yule bwana akondoka na hakurudi kwa siku nyingi sana. Basi Yule
rafiki yake akaanza kubadilika roho, akawa amtaka yule mwanamke. Yule mwanamke
akashangaa sana kusikia maneno aambiwayo na yule rafiki. Na hakusita kukataa
katakata na kumwambia kuwa yeye hangeweza kufanya hivyo kwa sababu haielekei na
anamuogopa mwenyezi Mungu. Yule mtu akawa hasikii, kila siku ampa maneno haya
na yale, lakini mwanamke hakusita kukataa kwakuona si jambo zuri.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hata
siku hiyo akaona afanye mbinu ili ampate. Akenda asubuhi mbio na kumwambiwa
‘Ililetwa habari mumeo kaanguka msitu fulani. Sijui kama yuko hai kwa sababu
yasemekana kuwa msitu huo una wanyama wabaya.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bila
kujua au kuona kuwa anamdanganya, bibi wa watu akavaa kanga wakapanda farasi
wao kuelekea kokote kule alikoongozwa na Yule rafiki wa mumewe, wakaenda,
wakaenda, wakaenda akaona hawafiki tu. Ikawa wapita misitu kwa misitu. Hata
hukoooo, Yule bibi akamuuliza yule mwanamme. Naona usiku unaingia tena farasi
kashachoka sana na hatujafika. Ni umbali gani tokea hapa?</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mwanamke<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>akamjibu “ sasa hivi tutafika. Tutafika tu
Tutafanyaje na mumeo ndio hatumjui hali aliyo nayo?” </span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Waenda,
wakaenda usiku ukaingia, wenda tuu. Hata farasi akawa hawezi tena kwenda kwa
sababu ya giza wakashuka wakalala pale chini. Basi Yule mwanamme akaanza
kumpasha Yule bibi, akamwabia. Hivyo siku zote hizi kukutaka ukawa hutaki kwa
nini? Basi hakuna mume hakuna nini. Ni miye ndiye niliye na haja nawe. Sasa
uhodari wako ushakwisha.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Basi
yule bibi akawa hana la kufanya usiku ule akabaki kulia tu, lakini iwe
nini?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Hapakuwa na mji wowote karibu nao
angalau aweze kupita ntu akamsikia. Mambo yakawa ni kutapatapa tu. Yule<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>bwana akatimiza haja yake. Akamuacha yule
bibi yu hoi hana fahamu. Yule mwanamme akaanza kurudi peke yake bila farasi.
Farasi akamucha akaenda atakako na bibi chini.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Yule
bibi alipata fahamu zake, asubuhi kweupe na kujiona yu pweke msitu ule mkubwa.
Akajikokota kokota kwa sababu alikuwa kaumia kifua. Hata kufika mbele kidogo
akawakuta watu wawili wanawinda. Kumbe ni tajiri mmoja mkubwa sana pamoja na
mtumishi wake. Yule bibi akawapigia kelele akisema, “Enyi watu , nipatieni
msaada! Nisaidieni, sijui niendako, wala Nitokako!”.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Yule
tajiri aliposikia vile akaifuatilia sauti mpaka akamuona Yule bibi. Hapo
akamuuliza maswali na mwanamke akajibu yote. Ndipo alipoamua kumuchukua kwake
ili awe mkewe kwa vile atokako hakujui.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Basi
yule bibi waliishi kwa furaha na yule tajiri lakini Yule mtumishi alianza
kumtaka kama Yule rafiki yake mume wake. Yule bibi hakusita kukataa katakata,
Baada ya kukataa yule mtumishi alimfanya yule bibi kama alivyofanywa na rafiki
yake mume wake. Bibi yule aliamua kuondoka akaenda, akaenda hata akaona mji
akaingia katika ule mji akabadilisha nguo na akavaa nguo za kiume.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bibi
yule akawa mganga wa macho, yule tajiri aliposikia kuwa katika mji ule kuna
mganga wa macho aliamua kumpeleka mtumishi wake kwa yule mganga. Bibi yule
alimwambia mtumishi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>aeleze kisa chote
kilichompata hadi akawa kipofu akaambiwa asiposema atakuwa kipofu milele yote.
Yule mtumishi kusikia hivyo aliamua kusema kisa chote na yule bibi akamtibu.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Yule
mume wake bibi alirejea kutoka safari akamkuta rafiki yake ni kipofu
alipomuuliza mke wake alikokwenda alisema hajui kwa sababu haoni. Yule bwana
aliumia sana kwa sababu walikuwa wakipendana na mke wake. Bwana yule aliamua
kumtunza rafiki yake bila kujua kuwa ndiye aliyesababisha mke wake aondoke.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Basi
yule bwana aliposikia kuna mganga wa macho aliamua kumpeleka rafiki yake naye
alipofika aliambiwa aeleze kisa chote. Alipokuwa akieleza yule bwana alikuwa
akisikitika sana. Baada ya kueleza yule bibi akamuuliza huyo mtu uliyemfanyia
hivyo ukimuona utamfahamu, akajibu ndiyo, Yule bibi akavua zile nguo akamwambia
mume wake ndo mimi mke wako.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Yule
bwana alikasirika akasema atampa rafiki yake adhabu baada ya siku tatu, lakini
yule rafiki yake alijiua siku ya tatu kabla ya hukumu. Yule tajiri naye alimuua
yule mtumishi wake. Yule bwana na bibi yule wakaishi raha mstarehe.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Katika
hadithi hii tunaona kwamba kuna urejeshi ambao ulikuwa ukifanywa na msimulizi ili
kuelewa kisa kizima inabidi urejelee nyuma. Mfano kuna urejeshi ulifanywa na
bibi ambapo alikuwa akimueleza tajiri kuhusu mambo yaliyompata.</span> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Kutokana na maelezo
hayo tunasema kuwa sifa ya ufupi na muundo wa moja kwa moja haitoshi katika
kuelezea maana ya ngano kwa sababu kuna ngano nyingine zina muundo changamano
na ngano si fupi kama watalaamu wengi wanavyodai bali ni ndefu. Hivyo
unahitajika utafiti zaidi ili kuweza kueleza maana ya ngano kwa usahihi na si
kuegemea upande mmoja. </span></div>
</blockquote>
<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>MAREJEO</span></div>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kubo
M na wenzake (2011), Mwanaza Wa Fasihi simulizi.The National Education
Services.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"></span>Nairobi.</span>
</div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Khamis
A.M na<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>J.S Madulla (1989), Mulika no;
21.Tuki. Dar ses salaam. </span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mulokozi
M.M (1996), Fasihi Ya Kiswahili. Chuo Kikuu<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Huria Cha Tanzania. Dar es salaam. </span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Senkoro
F.E.M.K (2011). Fasihi, Mfululizo wa lugha na Fasihi. KAUTTU. Dar es salaam.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Senkoro,
F.E.M.K. (1996) "The Significance of the Journey Motif in Folktales from
Zanzibar". Tasinifu ya Uzamivu, Chuo Kikuu cha Dar es Salaam.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Wamitila
K.W. (2004), Kichocheo Cha Fasihi Simulizi na Fasihi Andishi.English press.
Nairobi.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
chombozhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13502576164161381299noreply@blogger.com4tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6333082310905679072.post-83585969915341547412014-12-16T06:38:00.001-08:002014-12-16T07:07:59.666-08:00SHAABA ROBERT<div style="text-align: center;">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<h2>
<span style="color: #274e13;">MAANDIKO YA SHAABAN ROBERT</span></h2>
</blockquote>
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
Kwa mujibu wa waandishi na watafiti
mbalimbali, mfano Sengo (1975), Kezilahabi (1976) na Gibbe (1980)
wanasema kuwa jumla ya kazi alizowahi kuzitunga Marehemu Sheikh Shaaban
Robert na zilizochapishwa hadi sasa ni ishirini na mbili, ambapo kumi na
nne ni za ushairi na nane ni za nathari. Hata hivyo baadhi ya maandiko
ya watafiti wa hivi karibuni mfano Mulokozi (2002) na Chuachua (2008)
yanaonesha kuwa jumla ya maandiko ya Sheikh Shaaban Robert yaliyo<span class="text_exposed_show">kwisha kuchapwa hadi hivi sasa ni ishirini na nne.</span><br />
<span class="text_exposed_show"></span></blockquote>
</div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span class="text_exposed_show">
Ponera (2010) anaungana na Mulokozi (2002) na Chuachua (2008) kwa
kuorodhesha vitabu ishirini na nne vya Sheikh Shaaban Robert vikiwa kumi
na nne ni vya ushairi na kumi ni vya nathari.</span></div>
<span class="text_exposed_show"></span></blockquote>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span class="text_exposed_show"> Ponera (2010) anavitaja vitabu hivyo vya ushairi kuwa ni: </span><br />
<span class="text_exposed_show"></span></blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span class="text_exposed_show"> 1) MWAFRIKA AIMBA (1969), Nelson. Nairobi</span></blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span class="text_exposed_show"> 2) ALMASI ZA AFRIKA (1971), Nelson, Nairobi </span><br />
<span class="text_exposed_show"></span></blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span class="text_exposed_show"> 3) KOJA LA LUGHA (1969), Oxford, Nairobi</span></blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span class="text_exposed_show"> 4) INSHA NA MASHAIRI (1967), Nelson, Nairobi</span><br />
<span class="text_exposed_show"></span></blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span class="text_exposed_show"> 5) ASHIKI KITABU HIKI (1968), Nelson, Nairobi</span><br />
<span class="text_exposed_show"></span></blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span class="text_exposed_show"> 6) PAMBO LA LUGHA (1968), Oxford, Nairobi </span><br />
<span class="text_exposed_show"></span></blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span class="text_exposed_show"> 7) KIELEZO CHA FASILI (1962), Nelson, Nairobi </span><br />
<span class="text_exposed_show"></span></blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span class="text_exposed_show"> 8) MASOMO YENYE ADILI (1959), Art&Literature, Nairobi </span><br />
<span class="text_exposed_show"></span></blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span class="text_exposed_show"> 9) MAPENZI BORA (1969), Nelson, Nairobi </span><br />
<span class="text_exposed_show"></span></blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span class="text_exposed_show"> 10) TENZI ZA MARUDI MEMA NA OMAR KHAYYAM (1973), TPH, Dar-es- salaam </span><br />
<span class="text_exposed_show"></span></blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span class="text_exposed_show"> 11) UTENZI WA VITA VYA UHURU (1961), Oxford, Nairobi </span><br />
<span class="text_exposed_show"></span></blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span class="text_exposed_show"> 12) ALMASI ZA AFRIKA NA TAFSIRI YA KIINGEREZA (1960), Art&Literature, Nairobi </span><br />
<span class="text_exposed_show"></span></blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span class="text_exposed_show"> 13) MASHAIRI YA SHAABAN ROBERT (1971), Nelson, Nairobi </span><br />
<span class="text_exposed_show"></span></blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span class="text_exposed_show"> 14) SANAA YA USHAIRI (1972), Nelson, Nairobi.</span><br />
<span class="text_exposed_show"></span></blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span class="text_exposed_show"> Na vitabu vya nathari vya Sheikh Shaaban Robert ni:</span><br />
<span class="text_exposed_show"></span></blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span class="text_exposed_show"> 15) KUFIKIRIKA (1968),Oxford, Nairobi </span><br />
<span class="text_exposed_show"></span></blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span class="text_exposed_show"> 16) WASIFU WA SITI BINTI SAAD (1967), Art&Literature, Nairobi </span><br />
<span class="text_exposed_show"></span></blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span class="text_exposed_show"> 17) MAISHA YANGU NA BAADA YA MIAKA HAMSINI (1949), Nelson, Nairobi </span><br />
<span class="text_exposed_show"></span></blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span class="text_exposed_show"> 18) KUSADIKIKA (1951), Nelson, Nairobi </span><br />
<span class="text_exposed_show"></span></blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span class="text_exposed_show"> 19) ADILI NA NDUGUZE (1977), TPH, Dar-es- salaam </span><br />
<span class="text_exposed_show"></span></blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span class="text_exposed_show"> 20) UTU BORA MKULIMA (1968), Nelson, Nairobi </span><br />
<span class="text_exposed_show"></span></blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span class="text_exposed_show"> 21) SIKU YA WATENZI WOTE (1968), Nelson, Nairobi </span><br />
<span class="text_exposed_show"></span></blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span class="text_exposed_show"> 22) KIELELEZO CHA INSHA (1954), Witwatersand, Nairobi </span><br />
<span class="text_exposed_show"></span></blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span class="text_exposed_show">
23) BARUA ZA SHAABAN ROBERT 1931- 1958, (2002), TUKI, Dar- es- salaam
24) MITHALI NA MIFANO YA KISWAHILI (2007), TUKI, Dar-es- salaam.</span></blockquote>
</div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
MAREJELEO</blockquote>
</blockquote>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
Sengo,T. S. Y (1973), SHAABAN ROBERT: UHAKIKI WA MAANDISHI YAKE. Longman; Dsm</blockquote>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
Kezilahabi, E (1976), USHAIRI WA SHAABAN ROBERT. EALB Nairobi</blockquote>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
Gibbe, A. G (1980), SHAABAN ROBERT; MSHAIRI.TPH. Dsm</blockquote>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
Mulokozi, M. M (2002) BARUA ZA SHAABAN ROBERT 1931-1958. TUKI. Dsm</blockquote>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
Chuachua, R (2009) NAFASI YA MWANAMKE KATIKA NATHARI ZA SHAABAN ROBERT: Ripoti ya Utafiti Chuo Kikuu cha Waislam (Haijachapwa)</blockquote>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
Ponera, A (2010) ATHARI ZA UFUTUHI KATIKA NATHARI ZA SHAABAN ROBERT Tasnifu ya Uzamili Chuo Kikuu cha Dodoma</blockquote>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
……………………………….</blockquote>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<br /></blockquote>
</div>
chombozhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13502576164161381299noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6333082310905679072.post-64310183017443774402014-10-13T03:38:00.001-07:002014-10-13T03:41:12.517-07:00KIAMBISHI TAMATI "NI"<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<div align="center" class="MsoTitle" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="color: red;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b><span lang="SW">KIAMBISHI TAMATI “NI”</span></b></span></span></div>
</div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="SW" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Makala haya yatashughulikia ufupisho wa
makala ya Swahili forum iliyohaririwa na rose – marie beck, Thomas gelder na
wemer graefner katika uchambuzi wa kiambishi tamati cha mahali –ni, tathmini na
mwisho hitimisho.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="SW" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Makala haya yanahusu asili na usambaaji wa
kiambishi tamati cha mahali –ni. Karibu<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>lugha zote za kibantu kuna ngeli tatu za mahali zenye viambishi pa, ku,
mu, kwa mfano katika lugha ya kisangu viambishi hivi vya mahali<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>hujitokeza pia katika maneno ya mu-khati,
pa-khati, na ku-khati. Kwa upande wa lugha ya kiswahili mofimu hizi yaani pa,
ku, mu hutumika kama viwakilishi vionyeshi kwa mfano hapa, huku na humu na
vilevile hufanya kazi kama viwakilishi <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>vimilikishi. Kwa mfano <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>kwetu, kwao na mwao. Dai hili limetolewa na
Beck na wenzake (1994). Swali la msingi, kama viambishi vya mahali
vinavyojitokeza katika ngeli hizo, kiambishi –ni- hakipo, kiambishi hiki
kimetoka wapi?</span><br />
<a name='more'></a></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="SW" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tunapotaka kutaja mahali katika sehemu,
hatuwezi kuongeza kiambishi cha mahali pa, mu na ku mwanzoni mwa mzizi katika
lugha ya kiswahili kwa mfano neno pori hatuwezi kusema kupori, mupori au papori
na badala yake kinawekwa kiambishi tamati cha mahali –ni mwishoni mwa neno kwa
mfano porini, ambapo kiambishi –ni kinatumika kuwakilisha ngeli ya 16, 17 na
18. Hata hivyo kuna baadhi ya lugha za kibantu kama Kihehe na Kigogo zinakubali
upachikaji huu wa viambishi vya ngeli ya 16, 17 na 18 mwanzoni mwa neno na
kuleta maana. Kwa mfano Wahehe wangepachika viambishi hivi katika mzizi wa neno
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">chanya</i></b>
na kuwa <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">pa-chanya</i></b>, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">mu-chanya</i></b>, na <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ku-chanya</i></b>.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="SW" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kutokana na utata wa kiambishi cha
mahali –ni kutoeleweka kimetokea wapi, wataalamu mbalimbali wamejaribu kuelezea
asili ya kiambishi –ni. Miongoni mwa wataalamu hao ni pamoja na Claire Gregoire
(1975) katika tasnifu yake inayohusu ngeli za mahali katika lugha za kibantu. Anaonesha
jinsi kiambishi cha mahali -<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ni</i> kinavyopatikana
katika lugha nyingi za kibantu, huku kikijidhihirisha kama –<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ini</i>, anatoa mifano ya lugha za kibantu
kama<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Kikikuyu, kwa mfano <i>jiumba-im,
‘nyumbani’ </i>, Kizulu, kwa mfano <i>ezulwini </i>'mbinguni' inatokana na neno
‘<i>iizulu’;</i> pia katika lugha ya Kisotho ya Kaskazini <i>tseleng </i>'njiani'
inatokana na neno ‘<i>tsela’; </i>Kichaga <i>mringeny </i>'majini' inatokana na
neno <i>mringa. </i>Kwa hiyo inakubalika kwamba mofimu hii mwanzoni ilikuwa ina
umbo la <i>-ini.</i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> Ni dhahiri kuwa
mofimu hii haijitokeza katika lugha zote za Kibantu.</span></span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="SW" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Carl Meinhof (1942) anatoa bunio lake
ambapo anaona kuwa asili ya kiambishi tamati –ni<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>ni kiwakilishi kionyeshi cha ngeli ya 18
yenye umbo la <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">imwi</i></b>, umbo hili lilibadilika na kuwa kiambishi <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">mu-</i></b>
na ikalainika wakati wa matumizi na kuwa na umbo <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">m-</i></b>, ambapo umbo <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">m-</i></b>
likatoweka na kugeuka kiambishi <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">–ni</i></b>, badiliko hilo limetokea katika
mofimu ya nafsi ya pili wingi ambayo ni <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">mu</i></b> kama kiambishi cha kitenzi lakini
inaonekana kama <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">nyi</i></b> au <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ni </i></b>ikitumiwa kama kiwakilishi cha
nafsi yaani <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ninyi</i></b>. </span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="SW" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kwa hakika Meinof ameshindwa kuonesha
kiambishi –ni kwa uangavu wake, kwani anakihusisha tena na kiambishi cha nafsi
wakati mjadala ni kiambishi –ni kama kiambishi cha mahali. Ingawa anatuonesha
utokezaji huo wa –ni kama –nyi, dai hili linajidhihirisha pia katika baadhi ya
lugha za Kibantu pale kiambishi –ni kinapojitokeza kama –nyi, tuchunguze data
ifuatayo: Katika lugha ya Kigweno viambishi tamati vya mahali vinawakilishwa na
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">–nyi</i></b>
kwa mfano <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">mghundenyi - shambani, mtonyi -
mtoni, mreminyi - migombani</i>, kwa mantiki hiyo kiambishi tamati –<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">nyi </i></b>ni
kiwakilishi kionyeshi cha ngeli ya 18 katika lugha ya kigweno lakini baadhi ya
lugha za kibantu zinakataa mchakato wa upachikaji wa kiambishi <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">–nyi</i></b>,
kiswahili kikiwa kimojawapo. Hata hivyo dhana ya meinhof si ngeni kwani tayari
ilishashughulikiwa na Raum (1909) katika sarufi ya Kichaga.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="SW" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Vilevile Charles Sacleux (1939) anatoa
nadharia tete tofauti juu ya asili ya kiambishi tamati –<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ni</i></b>. Kwa mtazamo wake
anaona kiambishi tamati –<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ni </i></b>kimetokana na neno ini, pamoja na
maoni yake haoneshi zaidi uhusiano wa kiambishi tamati <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">–ni</i></b> na neno <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ini</i></b>
ila katika lahaja ya Kiteita watu husema <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">nyumbeni</i></b> yaani <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">nyumba na ini</i></b>. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Mabadiliko ya <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>kupanda na kushuka kwa toni katika neno
nyumbeni hukasabisha kutokea kwa <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">nyumba </i></b>na <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ini</i></b>. Hata hivyo dai hili
halikushughulikiwa na wataalamu wengine kuhusu mabadiliko ya neno –ini na kuwa
kiambishi –ni.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="SW" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Wataalam mbalimbali kama Nabhany anajaribu
kutoa maana ya neno <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ini</i></b> kwa kuielekeza fikra hiyo kuwa kiambishi tamati <i>–ini </i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">k</span>inatokana na jina <i>ini </i>lenye
maana ya 'kinofu chekundu cha ndani ya mwili<i> </i>kilichojaa damu na
kinachotoa nyongo kusaidia kuyeyusha chakula tumboni'.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="SW" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kutokana na dhana hiyo, Marie na
wenzake wanadai kuwa katika Kiswahili maana na matumizi ya neno <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ini</i></b>
ni kiungo cha ndani ya mwili wa binadamu na katika mnyambuliko wa jina, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ini</i></b>
katika ngeli ya 7 ni kiini, hivyo kiambishi tamati <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">–ni</i></b> ni kiini cha
kiambishi tamati cha mahali. Katika baadhi ya lahaja za kiswahili kama Kimvita
inaonyesha kiambishi tamati cha mahali –<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ni</i></b> ni ngeli ya 18.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="SW" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hivyo wanaendelea kudai kuwa kiambishi
cha mahali <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">–ni</i></b> kimesambaa kutoka lugha moja na kwenda lugha nyingine, na lugha
hiyo ni kiswahili. Wanaeleza kuwa Kiswahili kilikuwa na kiambishi <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">-ni</i></b>
toka zamani. Kuna miji inayothibitisha hilo, miji hiyo ni Quelimani (Kilimani)
huko msumbiji na moroni (Motoni) katika visiwa vya Komoro, baadaye kiambishi
hiki kilienea katika baadhi ya lugha za kibantu kama Kikuyu, Kisambaa na lugha
za Kisabiki.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="SW" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pendekezo hili lina udhaifu kwani
ukubwa wa eneo la kiambishi tamati –ni, umeenea sehemu kubwa hasa sehemu ambazo
waswahili walipita kwa mfano Afrika ya Kusini, Msumbiji ya kati na visiwa vya
Komoro. Hata hivyo hatuna ushahidi wa kueleza hawa watu walisafiri vipi na
lengo la safari yao ilikuwa ni nini? <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Hata maneno ya Kiswahili yanayofanana na
baadhi ya makabila ya Afrika Kusini, Msumbiji na Visiwa vya Comoro ni kwa sababu
Kiswahili ni Kibantu hivyo kuna baadhi ya misamiati inaingiliana na lugha ya
kiswahili.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="SW" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pamoja na nadharia tete mbalimbali
za hapo juu na dhana mbalimbali zilizojengwa na wataalam mbalimbali kuhusu
mofimu ya mahali –ni, kuna baadhi ya madai yao yanaonekana kuwa na nguvu na pia
kuna udhaifu unaojidhihirisha:</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span lang="SW" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mtazamo wa<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Raum-Meinhof una udhaifu wake katika
utafutaji wa chimbuko la<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>kiambishi –ni
kwa kusisitiza kwamba kiwakilishi cha mahali cha Kiherero <i>imwi </i>'humu',
ambacho alifikiri kwamba ni asili ya <i>-(i)ni, </i>hakijulikani katika maenezi
yake. Kanuni ya kubadilisha <i>imwi </i>kuwa <i>ini </i>si wazi kabisa.</span> </blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="SW" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kama tunakubaliana na Charles Sacleux
kwa madai yake ya asili ya kiambishi tamati cha mahali –ni ni ini ya mahali
inatulazimu tuthibitishe uwezekano wa kubadirika kwa neno ini na kuwa kiambishi
–ni. Hata hivyo hakuna uthibitisho wa <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>asili ya kiambishi –ni ni ini kwasababu hakuna
ushahidi wa kutosha kuthibitisha mchakato wa neno ini kuwa kiambishi –ni.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="SW" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hata hivyo kuna ukweli wa kiambishi –ni
kufungamana na ngeli za mahali kwa sababu baadhi ya nomino haziwezi kuwakilishwa
na viambishi vya mahali vya ngeli ya 16, 17 na 18 na badala yake kiambishi
tamati cha mahali –ni kimewakilisha ngeli hizo.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="SW" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kwani nini mofimu <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">–ni</i></b> ihusishwe na lugha ya
Kiswahili, pamoja na sababu mbalimbali zilizotolewa na wataalam mbalimbali, pia
inaonekana katika lugha mbalimbali za Kibantu kama zilivyojidhihirisha hapo
juu, mofimu <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">–ni</i></b> inajitokeza katika sura mbalimbali. Hivyo ni vigumu
kuinasibisha na lugha hizo za Kibantu tofauti na Kiswahili, ambacho inachukua
sura ya aina moja, yaani <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">–ni</i></b> na kujitokeza mwishoni mwa
nomino.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="SW" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Kwa
kuhitimisha tunasema kiambishi cha mahali –<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ni</i></b> kina utata katika utokeaji na
usambaaji wake hivyo tafiti nyingi zinatakiwa ili kujua chanzo cha kiambishi
cha mahali –<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ni</i></b>.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
chombozhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13502576164161381299noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6333082310905679072.post-49390166758597917492014-10-13T02:33:00.004-07:002014-10-13T02:34:45.373-07:00uMarx<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<br />
<div style="border-bottom: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; border: none; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent1; mso-element: para-border-div; padding: 0in 0in 4.0pt 0in;">
<div align="center" class="MsoTitle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: #38761d;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b>UHAKIKI WA kiMarx</b></span></span></div>
</div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Karl Marx
(1818-83) na Friedrich Engels (1820-95</span></div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> -</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Hawa ndio waasisi wa mtazamo huu. Hata hivyo wao wenyewe
hawakuandika sana kuhusiana na fasihi.</span></div>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Hoja tatu Muhimu</span></div>
</blockquote>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Katika
historia ya mwanadamu, jamii na mahusiano yake, taasisi zake namna yake ya
kufikiria; mambo yote hayo hutegemea mabadiliko ya mfumo wa uzalishaji mali.
Yaani jinsi uchumi, uzalishaji, mgawanyo na umilikaji mali unavyoendeshwa</span></li>
</ul>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Mabadiliko
ya kihistoria katika msingi wa uzalishaji mali yanaathiri mabadiliko ya muundo
wa matabaka ya jamii, na hivyo kutokeza (kwa kila wakati) tabaka tawala na
tawaliwa ambayo huwamo katika mapambano na harakati za kugombea uchumi, siasa
na faida za kijamii.</span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"></span></span> </blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Urazini wa
mwanadamu umeundwa na itikadi, Imani, thamani ya kitu (value), na namna za kufikiri
na kuhisi </span></blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Ni kupitia katika hivi, mwanadamu huuona ulimwengu wake, na
huelezea yale yaliyomzunguka na yale anayoyaona kuwa ukweli.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">ATHARI KATIKA FASIHI</span></b></div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Waandishi wa
Ki-Marx huandika kwa kutumia falsafa ya Ki-Marx na jinsi alivyoiona historia
ambapo wazo kuu ni kuwa: harakati za matabaka ndio msingi mkuu unaofanya mambo
yawe kama yalivyo.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Nguvu ya Historia</span></b></div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Jinsi gani
wanavyoweza kuufahamu ulimwengu uliopita kwa kutumia vielelezo na uthibitisho
wa kihistoria. </span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Mfano:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Matini km. Riwaya inawakilishaje ukweli? Ukweli
huo ni usahihi wa mambo ktk Jamii. Usanii ni uumbaji wa Ukweli ktk maisha?</span></div>
</blockquote>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">UHALISIA WA KISOSHALISTI</span></b></div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Mwandishi au
msanii yeyote, ajitoe kuandika na kulielimisha kuhusu tabaka la wafanyakazi. Na
kwamba, fasihi ni lazima iwe ya kimaendeleo, na ioneshe mtazamo wa kimaendeleo
katika jamii</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Georg Lukács (1885-1971) Hungary</span></b></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Nadharia yake: Kiakisiko</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Kwamba mambo
yote huakisi ukweli fulani wa maisha. Kazi ya fasihi huakisi mfumo fulani
unaofumbuka polepole. Kutuonesha mivutano, mikizano na au migogoro iliyomo
katika maisha ya jamii inayoakisiwa.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">KIAKISIKO</span></b></div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Kilicho cha
msingi ni maudhui na sio fani yake. Fani inachukua nafasi ndogo sana katika
kazi ya fasihi. </span></div>
</blockquote>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Mgogoro wa Ushairi wa Kiswahili.</span></b></div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Brecht
alipingana naye kwa kusema hatuwezi kushikilia sheria za sanaa katika muda wote
kwani ukweli wa jamii hubadilika.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">MKABALA WA
FRANKFURT 1923-1950</span></b></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Nadharia Hakiki</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Theodor
Adorno, Max Horkheimer na Herbert Marcuse</span></b><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">.</span></div>
</blockquote>
chombozhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13502576164161381299noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6333082310905679072.post-58605741008372354852014-09-09T23:32:00.000-07:002014-09-09T23:33:14.494-07:00KONGAMANO-CHAWAKAMA<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<br />chombozhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13502576164161381299noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6333082310905679072.post-49969501356577283342014-08-30T02:20:00.000-07:002014-08-30T02:20:11.597-07:00WASHINDI WA TUZO YA USHAIRI YA EBRAHIM HUSSEIN<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<br />chombozhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13502576164161381299noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6333082310905679072.post-31032166857380533052014-07-26T06:14:00.002-07:002014-11-04T23:41:19.861-08:00UGUMU ULIOPO KATIKA KUFASILI MAANA YA NENO<div style="text-align: justify;">
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiyfubp7M3W_iP9hwOXNhYVyuvKmGdUaSRWHItXX3WOFIA7OnBnBzNRTZ_NQK2SWAb7qQ3zGOXHJ7oHaksoa5yuVhbFkfyllgT5rH7fApToTBO-XONgbAfjyoS_ny7ylUkfv1YLnIJL-PDi/s1600/picha.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiyfubp7M3W_iP9hwOXNhYVyuvKmGdUaSRWHItXX3WOFIA7OnBnBzNRTZ_NQK2SWAb7qQ3zGOXHJ7oHaksoa5yuVhbFkfyllgT5rH7fApToTBO-XONgbAfjyoS_ny7ylUkfv1YLnIJL-PDi/s1600/picha.jpg" height="237" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #274e13;">ST. FRANCIS MAUA SEMINARY</span></td></tr>
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Neno ni dhana iliyojadiliwa na wanaisimu kadhaa ambao walijadili katika namna tofauti, utofauti huo umesababishwa na vigezo walivyovitumia. Kuna waliolichambua neno kwa kigezo cha kifonolojia, kisemantiki, kiotografia, kisintaksia, kileksika na vigezo vinginevyo. Insha hii itajadili maana ya neno kwa vigezo hivyo (vilivyotajwa hapo juu), kuonyesha ubora au upungufu, kuonyesha ugumu wa kifasili dhana hiyo na mwisho kuhitimisha.</blockquote>
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<a name='more'></a>Kifonolojia, neno ni silabi au mkusanyiko wa silabi zinazotamkwa au kuandikwa (TUKI, 1990), silabi hizo huwa ni tofauti kutoka lugha moja hadi nyingine. Mfano katika Kiswahili neno “karibu” lina silabi tatu (3)</blockquote>
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$ ka $ $ ri $ $ bu $.</blockquote>
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Kwa kigezo hiki pia, neno huwezea kufafanuliwa kama vipande vya matamshi yaani fonimu zinazopangwa katika mpangilio maalum ili zilete maana.</blockquote>
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Mfano neno “bata” lina fonimu nne ambazo ni /b/, /a/, /t/, /a/</blockquote>
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Mpangilio huu ukigeuzwa maana ya neno hupokea na watumiaji wa lugha hiyo hawataelewa maana yake.Mfano neno*taba, japokuwa limeundwa na fonimu zilezile halina maana kwa sababu mpangilio huo haupo katika lugha hiyo.</blockquote>
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Vilevile kwa mujibu wa mtandao (Taz. www.sussex.ac.....), katika lugha ya Kiingereza sifa itumikayo kuonyesha kuwa hili ni neno ni mkazo msingi ambao huwa ni mmoja tu katika neno.</blockquote>
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Mfano:Juma is going to school.</blockquote>
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Tungo hii ina maneno matatu “Jumas’ “going” na “school”. Kwa kigezo hiki “is” na “to” si maneno.</blockquote>
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Pamoja na kigezo hiki kuzingatia sana viambajengo vya lugha kama fonimu, silabi na mkazo bado ina upungufu hasa katika kipengele cha mkazo, kila lugha ina sheria zake katika uwekaji mkazo. Kwa mfano katika Kiswahili. Mkazo msingi huwekwa katika silabi ya mwisho kasoro moja na huhama kwenda katika neno la mwisho kila maneno yanapoongezeka katika tungo.</blockquote>
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Mfano<br />
- Anakula.<br />
- Anakula chakula.<br />
-Anakula chakula kitamu.<br />
Silabi iliyopigiwa mstari ina mkazo msingi. </blockquote>
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Mfano huo hapo juu unaonyesha kuwa mkazo msingi huhama kwa kadiri maneno yanavyoongezeka.</blockquote>
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Vilevile kuna lugha nyingine kama Kihehe, Kidigo, Ci-ruuri hazina mkazo bali zina toni (Massamba; 2010) hivyo kwa kigezo cha mkazo ni vigumu kubaini maneno katika lugha hizo.</blockquote>
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Kiotografia, neno limefasiliwa kama mfululizo wa herufi zilizofungamana pamoja na kuzungukwa na nafasi tupo (Mdee, 1997). Utaratibu wa kuweka nafasi hufuata taratibu maalumu za kiotografia ambazo hutofautiana kutegeana na lugha moja na nyingine.Kwa mfano katika lugha ya kiswahili ,</blockquote>
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-Mama alirudi jana usiku.</div>
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Tungo hii una maneno manne yaani “mama” “alirudi” “jana” na “usiku”</blockquote>
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Kwa ujumla ubora wa mkabala huu ni kwamba, husaidia sana uandishi wa matini za kitaaluma hasa kwa lugha zinazofuata utaratibu huu. Lakini vilevile ina upungufu kama ifuatavyo.</blockquote>
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Dhana ya nafasi tupu ipo tu kwenye maandishi, tunapozungumza hatuachi nafasi tupu baina ya maneno, tunayatamka yote kwa mfululizo.</blockquote>
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Vilevile utaratibu wa kuweka nafasi mwanzoni au mwishoni mwa neno haupo katika lugha zote, kuna lugha kama Kigiriki na kieskimo maneno yake katika tungo hayawekewi nafasi tupu. Kwa mfano tungo hii ya lugha ya Kieskimo “Kaipiallrullinink”yenye maana ya kuwa “wote wawili walikuwa na njaa”. Tungo iliyowekwa katika herufi za italiki ni ya kieskimo ambayo haina nafasikati ya neno moja na lingine.</blockquote>
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Pia maneno ambatani yatahesabiwa kuwa ni neno moja au mawili?, (www.sussex.ac.....).Haya ni maneno mawili au zaidi lakini yamebeba dhana moja Kwa mfano katika Kiingereza </blockquote>
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- “pocket money”<br />
- “Bus driver”</blockquote>
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Katika Kiswahili maneno ambatani ni kama </blockquote>
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- Gongo la Mboto<br />
- Kata mbuga.</blockquote>
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Sambamba na hayo, upungufu mwingine wa dhana hii ni kwamba, haiangalii viambajengo vinavyojenga neno kwa mfano fonimu silabi, mkazo na toni.</blockquote>
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Kwa upande wa semantiki, neno limefasiliwa kipashio kidogo cha lugha chenye maana (Mdee, 1997) kwa maana hiyo neno ni lazima liwe na maana inayoeleweka kwa jamii inayotumia lugha hiyo. Mfano:</blockquote>
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Mama – Mzazi wa kike<br />
Ndama – Mtoto wa ng’ombe</blockquote>
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Fasili hii ina mashiko kwa sababu maneno mengi katika lugha yana maana na hueleweka kwa watumiaji wa lugha. Lakini kwa aupande wa pili si kila neno linalotumika linaweza kuwa na maana ya wazi au ya kisemantiki,kwa mfano viunganishi kama na, ya, kwa, wakati n.k, ambavyo japokuwa havina maana ya kisemantiki lakini vina uamilifu kisarufi.</blockquote>
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Wanataaluma wa kisintaksia wanafasili neno kama kipengele kidogo kabisa cha sentensi ambacho kinaweza kuhamishwa kutoka nafasi moja hadi nyingine bila kuathiri sarufi ya lugha katika tungo/sentensi hiyo. Cruse (1986) akinukuliwa na Mdee (1997). Kwa ujumla hapa kinachotazamwa zaidi ni kategoria za maneno na mpangilio wake katika tungo.</blockquote>
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Mfano<br />
- Ali alimuua Ahmad<br />
N T N <br />
<br />
- Ahmad alimuua Ali<br />
N T N</blockquote>
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Hapa N ni Nomino na T ni kitenzi.</blockquote>
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Japo nomino zimebadilishana, lakini sarufi ya lugha hiyo haijaathirika.</blockquote>
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Kwa ujumla utaratibu huu unasaidia sana katika kujifunza sarufi ya lugha hasa miundo ya tungo kama virai,vishazi na sentensi na pia hata kujua sehemu za tungo kama kiima na kiarifu.</blockquote>
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Lakini kwa upande mwingine kigezo hiki kina upungufu kwa sababu sio maneno yote yanayoweza kuhamishwahamishwa bila kuvuruga sarufi ya lugha.</blockquote>
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Kwa mfano.<br />
- Alia amesimama kando ya mto<br />
- Amesimama kando ya mto Ali.<br />
- Kando ya mto Ali amesimama<br />
* Mtoto Ali amesimama kando ya </blockquote>
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* Mto ya kando amesimama Ali.</blockquote>
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Sentensi mbili za mwisho (zilizowekewa) nyota kwa sababu hazikidhi haja ya usahihi wa kisarufi (Mdee, 1997:7)</blockquote>
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Vilevile unapohamisha maneno basi maana ya neno pia hubadilika</blockquote>
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Mfano<br />
(i) Zubeda anampenda Zawadi<br />
(ii) Zawadi anampenda Zawadi</blockquote>
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Japokuwa nomino katika sentensi hizo zimebadilishana nafasi, haijaathiri sarufi ya lugha lakini kimaana imebadilika kwa sababu katika sentensi (i) Zubeda ndie anatenda tendo na katika sentensi (ii) Zawadi ndio anatenda tendo.</blockquote>
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Kileksika, neno ni dhana dhania ya kileksikoni ambayo neno hurejelewa kama Leskimu. Leskimu ni msamiati ulioorodheshwa kwenye kamusi (Katamba, 199:17), neno hili (Leskimu) huwa na maana kimsamiati (TUKI: 1990). Kwa kawaida Leskimu huwa na vibadala vyake kutegemeana na leskimu yenyewe.</blockquote>
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Mfano:<br />
go - vibadala vyake ni go, going,went, goes.<br />
cheza - cheze, chezea, mchezea, chazeana, n.k.<br />
refu - refu, ndefu, mrefu, kirefu, n.k. </blockquote>
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Japokuwa dhana hii inasaidia sana katika taaluma za mofolojia, leksikografia na taaluma nyinginezo, bado ina mapungufu au haijitoshelezi kwa sababu katika lugha kuna maneno ambayo yakisimama pake yake hayaleti maana na si leskimu katika kamusi lakini maneno hayo yakikurubishwa na maneno ya kileksika huleta maana. Katika Lugha ya Kiswahili kwa mfano kuna viunganishi kama na, ya, kwa n.k na vitenzi vishirikishi (husishi) kama ni, si, -kuwa na ndi- (ndiye, ndio n.k) ambavyo si leskimu lakini hufanya kazi ya kisarufi au vina uamilifu katika lugha.</blockquote>
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Kutokana na fasili hizo tunaona kuwa kuna ugumu katika kufasili dhana ya neno, ugumu huo unasababishwa na sababu zifuatazo.</blockquote>
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Spencer (1991) anadai kuwa ugumu wa kufasili neno unasababishwa na utofauti wa lugha kimaumbo, kimatamshi, kimuundo na kimaana, hivyo ni vigumu kuhusisha fasili moja inayoweza kuhusisha mifumo yote ya lugha kwa usahihi kwa sababu lugha hutofautiana katika vipengele hivyo.</blockquote>
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Naye Mdee (1997) anadai kuwa kufasili neno kuna ugumu, ugumu huo unatokana na mitazamo tofauti ya wanaisimu kuhusu kipashio hicho (neno) kiotografia, kimaumbo na, kimatamshi. Hivyo kwa kuwa kila mwanaisimu anamtazamo wake hivyo hushindwa kukubaliana maana moja ya neno.</blockquote>
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Vilevile kwa mujibu wa mtandao (w.w,w. sussex ..) unadai kuwa ugumu wa kufasili neno unasababishwa na utofauti wa utamaduni na mazingira na maarifa ya wanaisimu. Hii ndio sababu kila mtu anafasili neno kutokana na lugha yake ilivyo na maarifa aliyonayo, wanafonolojia wanafasili neno kwa kuzingatia nduni za fonolojia kama silabu, fomimu, toni, mkazo, wanaleksikografia wamefasili neno kama leskimu n.k.</blockquote>
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Kwa ujumla tunaweza kuhitimisha kwa kusema kwamba, ugumu wa kufasili neno tofauti za wanaisimu kilugha, kitaaluma, kimazingira kimtazamo na kiutamaduni.Hivyo ili kuondoa au kuziba upungufu wa kigezo kimoja, vigezo zaidi ya kimoja vitumike katika kuangalia maana za maneno katika lugha tofauti.</blockquote>
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MAREJEO</blockquote>
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Katamba, F. (2993) Morphology. Macmillan Press LTD. London.</blockquote>
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Mdee,D. (1997) Nadharia za Leksikografia. TUKI, Dar-es-Salaam.</blockquote>
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Spencer, A. (1991) Morphological Theory: An Introduction to Word Stucture in Generative Grammar. Blackwell Publishers. UK. </blockquote>
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TUKI (1990) Kamusi sanifu ya Isimu na Lugha. TUKI. Dar-es-Salaam</blockquote>
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www. Sussex. ac. Uk/ linguistic. doc. Tarehe 21/05/2011. saa 4:50 asubuhi.</blockquote>
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chombozhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13502576164161381299noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6333082310905679072.post-55325504950281664282014-04-25T02:00:00.000-07:002014-05-09T07:08:48.912-07:00UTAFITI KATIKA UBUNIFU<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<h1 align="center" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="color: red;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;">UCHUNGUZI SAMBAMBA DHIDI YA
MAMBO YA KUFIKIRIKA</span></span></h1>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhT0j-bLtnSaYnIC3yAf0pG5WWejwrqtt-LukyiglqIeMKBtnEeWBZhERmp2MYd2K4MCxNaK-CXLrAJkHpN6QhOA3lMVAnIw-ToQFUg-hkCBmYpIJPwvTiXDncGtgMuhioSgnPeBGDsHFi6/s1600/IMG_0010.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhT0j-bLtnSaYnIC3yAf0pG5WWejwrqtt-LukyiglqIeMKBtnEeWBZhERmp2MYd2K4MCxNaK-CXLrAJkHpN6QhOA3lMVAnIw-ToQFUg-hkCBmYpIJPwvTiXDncGtgMuhioSgnPeBGDsHFi6/s1600/IMG_0010.JPG" height="320" width="240" /></a></div>
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Uchunguzi katika uandishi wa kubuni ni
jambo la lazima ili mtunzi asiandike vitu ambavyo havishawishi kukubalika. Kwa
maneno mengine, kufanya uchunguzi ni kufanya utafiti. Je, utafiti ni nini? Hebu
tuangalie baadhi ya wataalamu wanasemaje kuhusiana na istilahi hii ya utafiti.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Kothari (2009:1)<b> </b>anasema kuwa,<b>
</b>kwa msemo wa kawaida 'utafiti' ni kutafuta maarifa ili kuelewa jambo
fulani. Utafiti ni utafutaji wa taarifa kisayansi na kwa kufuata utaratibu
fulani kuhusiana na mada fulani. Kwa uhakika, utafiti ni </span><br />
<a name='more'></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">sanaa ya kuchunguza
mambo kisayansi.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"></span><br />
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">KKS (2000:445) inaelezea kuwa,
'utafiti'<b> </b>ni uchunguzi wa kisayansi au kitaaluma ambao umelenga
kugundua, kufasiri, au utumiaji wa maarifa mapya, nadharia, au kanuni fulani. </span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Advance Learner's Dictionary of Current
English<b> </b>inasema kuwa, 'utafiti' ni kufanya uchunguza kwa umakini au ni
kutafuta taarifa mpya katika tawi lolote la maarifa. (1952:1069)</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Redman na Mory wanasema kuwa, 'utafiti'
ni utaratibu unaofanywa ili kupata maarifa mapya. (The Romance of Research,
1923:10)</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Clifford Woody anasema 'utafiti'
unajumuisha mambo tano ambayo ni: kuelezea tatizo, kuunda nadharia tete,
kukusanya, kuratibu, na kutathmini data, kufanya udedushi na kufikia hitimisho,
na kupima kama hitimisho linasadifu nadharia tete.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Kitula King'ei na Catherine Kisovi
(2005:13) wanasema 'utafiti' ni: shughuli ya kitaaluma ambayo inamaanisha
kupekua, kuchunguza, kuratibu, kufichua au kupeleleza. Pia inaweza kumaanisha
kuchanganua jambo, dhana au hali fulani kwa shabaha ya kuielewa hasa kwa undani
jinsi ilivyo.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Kwa hiyo, baada ya kuona nini maana ya
'utafiti', mwandishi wa kubuni hana budi kuzingatia maana ya dhana hiyo ili
imwongoze katika <i>'safari yake ya uandishi'</i>. Kwa maneno mengine, hapa
ndipo mantiki ya kutembea na shajara pamoja na kalamu inapopata mashiko. Kwa
kuwa, katika kutembea kwako na hekaheka za maisha, utakutana na vituko au
mikasa ambayo utapenda kuitumia katika ubunifu wako. Je, usipoweka kumbukumbu
utawezaje kuwasilisha kitu chenya <i>'uhalisi sambamba'</i> wa maisha tuishiyo?</span></div>
</blockquote>
chombozhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13502576164161381299noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6333082310905679072.post-22336209563097454572014-04-23T04:23:00.003-07:002014-05-09T07:23:01.742-07:00SINTAKSIA<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<![endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 18.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 26.0pt;">SINTAKISIA
HAIWEZI KUTENGANISHWA NA VITENGO VINGINE VYA LUGHA.</span></b></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Katika kujadili mada hii, kwanza tutatoa fasili ya sintaksia
kwa mujibu wa wataalam mbalimbali, fasili ya lugha, tutafafanua uhusiano uliopo
kati ya sintaksia na vitengo vingine vya lugha na mwisho tutatoa hitimisho juu
ya mjadala wetu.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Kwa mujibu wa Massamba na wenzake (1999) Sintaksia ni utanzu
wa sarufi unaojihusishana uchunguzi wa mpangilio wa maneno katika sentensi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>na uhusiano wa vipashio vyake. Wanaendelea
kusema, utanzu huu huchunguza sheria au kanuni zinazofuatwa katika kuyapanga maneno
ili yalete maana inayokubalika na kueleweka katika lugha husika.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Pia Habwe na Karanja (2004) wanasema Sintaksia ni utanzu wa
isimu unaoshughulikia muundo wa sentensi na elementi nyingine zinazounda
sentensi kama vile kategoria za maneno, vikundi na vishazi.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Kutokana na fasili hizi inaonekana kuwa Massamaba na wenzake
wamefafanua zaidi kwa kuonesha kuwa licha ya kuzingatia kanuni na sheria za
kupanga maneno lakini pia ni lazima maneno hayo yawe na uhusiano. Kwa upande
mwingine Habwe na Karanja wameshindwa kuelezea suala hili, wao wanaona sintaksia
inashughulika na muundo wa sentensi na vipashio vyake.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Kwa mantiki hii <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>tunakubaliana na fasili ilyotolewa na
Massamaba na wenzake kuwa Sintaksia ni utanzu wa sarufi unaojihusisha na
uchunguzi wa mpangilio wa maneno katika sentensi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>na uhusiano wa vipashio vyake, kwa kuzingatia
sheria na kanuni za lugha husika ili kuleta mawasiliano.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Katika fasili ya lugha, wataalam wengi wanakubaliana kuwa
</span><br />
<a name='more'></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">lugha ni mfumo wa sauti nasibu ambazo hutumiwa na jamii kwa madhumuni ya
mawasiliano kati yao. Baadhi ya wataalam wanao kubaliana na fasili hii ni
Massamba na wenzake (Wameshatajwa).</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">“Kitengo” kwa mujibu wa TUKI (2004) ni mahali pateule
palipotengwa kwa shughuli maalum. Tunaporejea katika muktadha wa lugha tunaweza
kusema kuwa vitengo vya lugha ni vipengele muhimu vinavyounda maarifa ya lugha
kwa ujumla. Kwa fasili hii, vipengele vinavyounda maarifa ya lugha ni
fonolojia, mofolojia, sintaksia na semantiki.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Kwa hiyo kutokana na kwamba sintaksi pia ni kitengo mojawapo
kinachounda maarifa ya lugha, tunakubali kwamba, sintaksia haiwezi
kutenganishwa na vitengo vingine vya lugha kutokana na uhusiano mkubwa uliopo
baina ya vitengo hivi. Vitengo hivi hutegemena na kuathiriana. Hivyo basi
tunaweza kuonesha jinsi sintaksia isivyoweza kutenganishwa na vitengo vingine
vya lugha yaani fonolojia, mofolojia na semantiki kama ifuatavyo:</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Uhusiano baina ya fonolojia na sintaksia. Massamba na
wenzake (Wameshatajwa) wanafasili fonolojia kuwa ni uchambuzi wa mfumo wa sauti
katika lugha mahususi. Wanaendelea kusema ni jinsi ambavyo vitamkwa au sauti za
lugha zinavyoungana ili kujenga maneno yanayokubalika katika lugha.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Kwa hiyo tunaweza kusema kuwa kuungana kwa vitamkwa ili
kujenga maneno yanayokubalika katika lugha<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>fulani hutegemea mpangilio sahihi wa vitamkwa. Na kwa kuwa neno ni
kiwango cha msingi cha uchambuzi katika sintaksia basi fonolojia ina uhusiano
wa moja kwa moja na sintaksia.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Mifano ifuatayo huthibitisha hoja hii:</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Mfano 1.“Anapika”. Hili ni neno lakini pia ni sentensi,
hivyo huweza kuchanganuliwa kifonolojia kama ifuatavyo:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>a|n|a|p|i|k|a|, mpangilio wa sauti umeunda
neno “anapika”.</span></div>
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<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Mfano 2.a. baba. Limeundwa na (KIKI).</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">b. abab. Limeundwa na (IKIK).</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Katika mfano 2a tunaona neno “baba” lina maana na limefuata
kanuni na mpangilio unaokubalika wakati mfano 2b neno “abab” halina maana
katika lugha ya Kiswahili kwa sababu halina mpangilio mzuri wa fonimu. </span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Kwa mifano hii tunaona kwamba hatuwezi kuwa na miundo
mikubwa katika sentensi bila kuwa na mpangilio sahihi wa sauti katika lugha.
Kwa hiyo sintaksia haiwezi kukamilika bila fonolojia.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Uhusiano baina ya mofolojia na sintaksia. Mofolojia ni
kitengo kingine cha lugha ambacho kwa mujibu wa Rubanza (1996) ni taaluma
inayoshughulikia vipashio vya lugha katika kuunda maneno. Kutokana na fasili
hii, kipashio cha msingi katika uchambuzi wa kimofolojia ni neno ambalo ndilo
hutumika kuunda darajia ya sintaksia.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Vilevile maumbo ya kimofolojia huathiri vipengele vingine
vya kisintaksia, kwa mfano, sentensi zifuatazo hufafanua zaidi:</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">M</span></u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">toto <u>a</u>nacheza.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Wa</span></u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">toto <u>wa</u>nacheza.</span></div>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Katika mifano hii tunaona kwamba mofimu m- na wa- katika
upande wa kiima zimeathiri utokeaji wa mofimu a- na wa- katika upande wa
kiarifu.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Pia kanuni za mfuatano na mpangilio wa mofimu au viambishi
zikifuatwa huunda maneno katika miundoya kisintaksia. Mfano:</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Alicheza =<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>a-li-chez-a</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Anaimba = a-na-imb-a</span></div>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Kwa ujumla kipengele cha umoja na wingi katika maumbo ya
kimofolojia ndicho kinachoathiri umbo linalofuata jina na kuathiri muundo wa
sentensi nzima. Mfano:</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Mw</span></u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">alimu <u>a</u>likuwa
<u>a</u>nafundisha.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Wa</span></u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">limu <u>wa</u>likuwa
<u>wa</u>nafundisha.</span></div>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Tunaona katika mifano hii maumbo ya umoja na wingi ya maneno
Mwalimu na Walimu yameathiri mpangilio mzima wa sentensi.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Uhusiano baina ya semantiki na sintaksia. Habwe na Karanja
wakimnukuu Richard na Wenzake (1985) wanasema Semantiki ni stadi ya maana. Semantiki
ni utanzu unaochunguza maana katika lugha ya mwandamu. Wanaendelea kusema
semantiki hutafiti maana za fonimu, mofimu, maneno na tungo.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Kwa hiyo kutokana na fasili hii<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>maana hushughulikiwa katika vitengo au
viwango vyote vya lugha ambavyo ni fonolojia, mofolojia na sintaksia.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Mfano: a) Paka mweusi amepotea.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>b) Mweusi paka amepotea.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>c)Amepotea mweusi paka.</span></div>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Katika mifano hii tunaona kwamba sentensi a) ina maana
kutokana na kwamba imefuata mpangilio sahihi wa maneno katika tungo na sentesi
zilizobaki hazina maana kutokana na sababu kwamba hazijafuata mpangilio ulio
sahihi.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Kwa mantiki hii, kwa kuwa semantiki hushughulikia viwango
vyote vya lugha, basi hushughulikia pia kiwango cha sintaksia ambapo huangalia
maana za tungo. Tungo yoyote ni lazima ilete maana inayokubalika na
wazungumzaji au watumiaji wa lugha husika, kama itakuwa kinyume basi haitakuwa
tungo bali ni orodha ya maneno tu.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Mfano:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Mtoto anacheza mpira uwanjani.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Mtoto uwanjani mpira anacheza.</span></div>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Tukiangalia mifano hii tutagundua kwamba katika sentensi ya
kwanza mpangilio wake wa vipashio unaleta maana lakini sentensi ya pili haina
maana kutokana na kuwa na mpangilio mbaya wa maneno.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Kwa hiyo tunaweza kuhitimisha kwa kusema kuwa sintaksia
haiwezi kutenganishwa na vitengo vingine vya lugha kwa kuwa kuna uhusiano wa
moja kwa moja baina ya vipengele hivi vya lugha na kwa hiyo hutegemeana kati ya
kipengele kimoja na kingine. Kwa mfano, huwezi kupata mofolojia (neno) bila
kupitia ngazi ya fonolojia na pia huwezi kuwa na ngazi ya sintaksia
(sentensi/tungo) bila kupitia ngazi ya fonolojia na mofolojia lakini vitengo
vyote hivi hutawaliwa na kitengo cha semantika ili kuleta mawasiliano miongoni
mwa wazungumzaji.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">MAREJEO</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Habwe,
J na P. Karanja (2007). <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Misingi ya Sarufi
ya Kiswahili</i>. Nairobi: Phoenix Publishers Ltd.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Massamba,
D.P.B na wenzake (1999). <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Sarufi Miundo ya
Kiswahili Sanifu: Sekondari na Vyuo.<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span></i>Dar essalaam: TUKI.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Rubanza,
Y.I (1996). <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Mofolojia ya Kiswahili.</i>
Dar es salaam: Chuo Kikuu Huria cha Tanzania.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">TUKI
(2004).<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Kamusi ya Kiswahili Sanifu</i>.
Dar es salaam: TUKI. </span></div>
</blockquote>
chombozhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13502576164161381299noreply@blogger.com11tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6333082310905679072.post-13750330194698807252014-02-03T21:45:00.003-08:002014-02-03T21:47:25.188-08:00VIONJO VYA FASIHI SIMULIZI<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<br />
<div style="border-bottom: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; border: none; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent1; mso-element: para-border-div; padding: 0in 0in 4.0pt 0in;">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div align="center" class="MsoTitle" style="text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; color: windowtext; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 18.0pt;">KUNA FAIDA GANI YA KUIENDELEZA F. SIMULIZI
IKIWA JAMII NYINGI SASA HIVI ZINAJUA KUSOMA NA KUANDIKA?</span></b></div>
</blockquote>
</div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0.4in 10pt; text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Wengi
mtakubaliana nami kwamba, Maendeleo ya Sayansi na Teknolojia ulimwenguni, kamwe
hayaondoi uwepo wa fasihi simulizi, bali yanaleta athari katika fasihi simulizi
ama chanya ama hasi. </span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0.4in 10pt; text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Pia
tutambue kwamba, jamii yoyote ulimwenguni inapoendelea katika nyanja yoyote ile
athari hazikwepeki. Na hii ni kanuni inayofahamika ulimwenguni kote. </span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0.4in 10pt; text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Hivyo
basi, hata kama jamii nyingi duniani zinajua kusoma na kuandika, bado umuhimu
wa kuiendeleza fasihi simulizi katika ulimwengu wa leo upo palepale. Tena
katika kipindi hiki cha maendeleo ya Sayansi na Teknolojia mimi naona umuhimu
huu ni mkubwa sana kuliko hata miaka ya nyuma. </span></i></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Awali ya yote katika kujadili swali
hili ningependa tujadili kwa kifupi</span></div>
<a name='more'></a>maana ya fasihi simulizi kwa mujibu wa
wataalam mbalimbali. Baada ya hapo tutaangazie kiini cha swali letu, ambapo tutafafanua
mambo yanayotufanya tuienzi na kuiendeleza fasihi simulizi katika jamii yetu ya
leo. Pia tutaangali faida zinazotokana na kuiendeleza fasihi simulizi katika
jamii zinazojua kusoma na kuandika. </blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Fasihi Simulizi ni nini?</span></b></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Wataalamu mbalimbali wametoa maoni
yao kuhusu maana ya FS. Miongoni mwao ni Finnegan (1970), Matteru 1979),
Balisidya (1983), Okpewho (1992) na wengine wengi. Ili kuweza kubaini maana ya
FS ni vema kudurusu fasili zilizotolewa na wataalamu hawa. Lengo hasa ni kutaka
kufahamu ubora na udhaifu wa fasili zao, hatimaye tuweze kuunda fasili muafaka
zaidi kuhusu maana ya FS.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<ul style="margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-top: 0in;"><blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">F.S
yaweza kuelezwa kwamba, hutegemea msanii ambaye huiumba kwa maneno katika
tukio maalum (Finnegan, 1970)</span></blockquote>
</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-top: 0in;"><blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Ni
fasihi inayotegemea mdomo katika kutolewa na kuenezwa kwake… (M.L.Matteru,
1979)</span></blockquote>
</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-top: 0in;"><blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Ni
aina ya fasihi ambayo hutumia mdomo katika kuumbwa, kuwasilishwa na kusambazwa
kwa waasikilizaji na watumiaji wake (Balisidya, 1983)</span></blockquote>
</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-top: 0in;"><blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">F.S
humaanisha fasihi itolewayo kwa neno la mdomo… (Okpewho, 1992)</span></blockquote>
</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-top: 0in;"><blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">F.S
ni kazi ya sanaa inayotumia lugha kazi hii ya sanaa huhifadhiwa kwa kichwa
na kusambazwa kwa njia ya masimulizi ya mdomo… (M.Msokile, 1992)</span></blockquote>
</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-top: 0in;"><blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Ni
fasihi inayotungwa au kubuniwa kichwani na kuwasilishwa kwa hadhira kwa
njia mdomo na vitendo bila kutumia maandishi (Mulokozi, 1996)</span></blockquote>
</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-top: 0in;"><blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Neno
F.S linamaanisha hadithi za jadi, nyimbo, mashairi, vitendawili na methali
ambavyo hutolewa kwa neno la mdomo (Bukenya na Wenzake, 1997)</span></blockquote>
</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-top: 0in;"><blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Sanaa
hii iitwayo Fasihi, inaweza kuhifadhiwa kwa njia kuu mbili: kwa njia ya
mdomo na kimaandishi. Aina ya kwanza, ambayo tunajihusisha nayo katika
sehemu ya kwanza inajulikana kama F.S (Wamitila, 2003)</span></blockquote>
</li>
</ul>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Fasili hizi hazigusii
lolote kuhusu matumizi ya nyenzo za sayansi na teknolojia katika kubuni,
kutongoa na kuhifadhi sanaa husika. Nyenzo kama vile, Radio, Video, DVD, VCD,
Televisheni, Kompyuta na Wavuti….. kwa sasa zinatumika katika kutolea na
kurekodia tanzu za F.S kama vile hadithi……</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Katika F.S
fanani na hadhira huwapo ana kwa ana: dhana ya kuwapo ana kwa ana pia inahitaji
mjadala (uwezekano wa kuwa na aina mbalimbali za hadhira)</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Kwa nini tuendelee kuienzi na kuiendeleza fasishi
simulizi wakati jamii nyingi zinajua kusoma na kuandika? </span></b></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Hali hii
husababishwa na vionjo vyake vya kiutendaji ambavyo kamwe havipatikani na wala
haviwasilishwi kwa njia ya maandishi (F.A). Vionjo hivyo ni kama ifuatavyo:</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Kutabasamu:</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"> Katika maandishi hadhira haiwezi kuona wala kusikia tabasamu
la fanani wala kicheko chake. Lakini katika fasihi simulizi vyote hivi
huonekana na kusikika. Hivyo huifanya hadhira iende sambamba na fanani. Mfano
majigambo.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Hisia za huruma na furaha:</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"> Katika maandishi mambo haya hayawezi kukuingia kwa
haraka na kukufanya uhuzunike au ufurahi na hadhira wenzako pamoja na fanani.
Lakini katika fasihi simulizi mambo haya huweza kukuingia kwa urahisi na
kukubadilisha haraka sana kimwili na hata kimtazamo. Mfano maigizo ya jukwaani.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Kucheka, kupiga makofi na kuuliza maswali:</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"> Katika fasihi simulizi husaidia sana hadhira kujiona
ipo karibu na fanani, na katika hali hiyo ndiposa ujumbe wa fanani unaweza
kuwaingia vizuri zaidi. Lakini katika maandishi mambo haya hayawezekani kabisa.
Pia hata ikitokea hadhira haijamwelewa fanani itabaki katika hali hiyo mpaka
mwisho wa maandishi.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0.4in 10pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Katika Fasihi
simulizi ya Kiafrika vitendo huwasilisha dhamira kwa urahisi zaidi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>kuliko maneno matupu. (Maneno hayajisemei
yenyewe!)</span></i></b></div>
</blockquote>
chombozhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13502576164161381299noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6333082310905679072.post-63514125522911736172014-02-01T23:03:00.002-08:002014-02-01T23:14:03.333-08:00KISWAHILI<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<u><span style="color: #660000;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-variant: small-caps; letter-spacing: 0.25pt; line-height: 115%;">KILIO CHA MAMA YANGU</span></b></span></span></u></blockquote>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div align="left" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mwenzenu
nimefikiri, nimeshindwa kung’amua,</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kila nikitafakari, najiona naelea,</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hili lazima nikiri, niufukuze utwea,</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Na leo ndiyo kikiri, jipu
ninalitumbua,</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kilio cha
mama yangu, ni kicheko kwa mgeni.</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Staajabu ya Musa,
uone ya Firauni,</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Nabii wamemsusa, nyumbani hana
thamani,</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Anazidi kuhohosa, kajibanza
pembezoni,</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mgeni ndiyo kabisa, kapandishwa
kileleni,</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kilio cha
mama yangu, ni kicheko kwa mgeni.</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Uhuru wangu
ni upi, hapa kwetu Tanzania?</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Na kosa langu ni lipi, mbona
mwaninyanyapaa!</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Nimeshindwa fanyakipi, mpaka
mwanikataa!</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hata mkinena vipi, hii ni yenu
junaa,</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kilio cha
mama yangu, ni kicheko kwa mgeni.</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span><br />
<a name='more'></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Babu nyanya
naye pia, wote nimelatamia,</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Elimu nikaitoa, nao wakajipatia,</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Wazazi wenu ‘melea, sifa
wakanimwagia,</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tena wakajivunia, pote walipotembea,</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kilio cha
mama yangu, ni kicheko kwa mgeni.</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Iweje
vikaragosi, waseme sinayo hadhi,</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Wakati mimi mwasisi, wahenga
niliwahodhi,</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ikhlasi mwajitusi, kwa kunena
yasokidhi,</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Taifa mwalinajisi, Kingereza
kunafidhi, </span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kilio cha
mama yangu, ni kicheko kwa mgeni.</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mashuleni
mwanitenga, tena hadi chekechea,</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sekondari mwanipinga, mwasema
sijakomaa,</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mwazidi kuvangavanga, ukweli
kupotezea,</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Vyuoni sijajipanga, kauli mnaitoa,</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kilio cha
mama yangu, ni kicheko kwa mgeni.</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mwakataa nitawale,
bondeni na mlimani,</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mwasema sina udole, nasaba yangu ni
duni,</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mnanifanya sefule, kunibeza
jukwaani,</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mgeni yu mteule, katawala mashuleni,</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kilio cha
mama yangu, ni kicheko kwa mgeni.</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kingereza
sikatai, naomba nieleweke,</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ninasema kwa bidii, warui na
wakereke,</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Wengi wenu hamjui, japo mwaleta
makeke,</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Nawasihi kwa utii, ung’eng’e
usitumike,</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kilio cha
mama yangu, ni kicheko kwa mgeni.</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kingereza
kifundishwe, kama somo peke yake,</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Na wala kisiapishwe, kuwatawala
wenzake,</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kiswahili nihusishwe, na tena
ifahamike,</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kwa wote nitambulishwe, jamii
ikafunguke,</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kilio cha
mama yangu, ni kicheko kwa mgeni.</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kiswahili
nitumike, elimu kuitolea,</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Wakusoma wanishike, wakafaulu mamia,</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Wajuzi waongezeke, tuokoe Tanzania,</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Popote tufahamike, kwa ubora wa
bidhaa,</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kilio cha
mama yangu, ni kicheko kwa mgeni.</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ukweli
mnaujua, japo mwajishebedua,</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Siasa zimewajaa, uongo mwanizushia,</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Taifa mwalihadaa, eti sijatapakaa,</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ni nani kawaambia, mbona
mnajitungia!</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kilio cha
mama yangu, ni kicheko kwa mgeni.</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tayari
‘mevavagaa, na kuvuka vizingiti,</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Wenyewe mwajionea, matendo ya
ithibati,</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Wageni wanirukia, na kunishika
kititi,</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Wenyeji mwasuasua, mwatupiana
kijiti,</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kilio cha
mama yangu, ni kicheko kwa mgeni.</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Asia
wataradhia, mdomoni niwakae,</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tena wanikimbilia, hawataki nipotee,</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Huku wananiambia, kiasi gani watoe,</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Na ninyi mwanikemea, mdomoni
nikimbie,</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kilio cha
mama yangu, ni kicheko kwa mgeni.</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ulaya
wananiita, wanapenda wanijue,</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kila siku wanivuta, wanataka
nihamie,</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Na ninyi mnanigwata, mwataka
nitokomee,</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Taifa mnaliketa, hamtaki lisogee,</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kilio cha
mama yangu, ni kicheko kwa mgeni.</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Duniani
nasifika, kwa kuleta utaifa,</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hatamu
nimeishika, yanisifu mataifa,</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mpaka
yanialika, kwa kuwa ninayosifa,</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sasa ninafahamika,
japo mwaniona lofa,</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kilio cha
mama yangu, ni kicheko kwa mgeni.</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 2.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">………………………………………………………</span></div>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 106.2pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 24.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-outline-level: 1; text-indent: 35.4pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 106.2pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 24.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-outline-level: 1; text-indent: 35.4pt;">
<br /></div>
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chombozhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13502576164161381299noreply@blogger.com1